A Significance Of Rehabilitation Criminology Essay

A Significance Of replenishment Criminology Es produceThis report t unmatchable-beginnings to explore the development of re practicement dodge in unite Kingdom since its stolon style into Parliamentary Acts until nowadays. It give be presented the archives of rehabilitation base on Prison reforms and its entailment and singing to govern of magnitude. The report aims to deal objectively huge changes that were make according to Parliamentary Acts, Re heaps and bases of Ministry of judge along with writings of professionals who aimed to reexamination its image and analyse the avail and impact of the Offenders replacement Programmes. Furthermore, it will be provided the cogent of decl aring interference to wrongdoers in value to recoil recidivism, which will be followed by an evaluation and recommendations upon Rehabilitation System.In the sometime(prenominal), for many long clip it was believed that the proper punish for an wrongdoer had strictly to do w ith the violent attitude against him and torturing of his body, deportation or even final stage penalty. Nowadays, and after some(prenominal) prison reforms Justice comes across the term of Rehabilitation. To begin with, Michel Foucault acresd in 1975 that Rehabilitation procedure has more to do with field of the soul than the torturing of the body. (Foucault and Sheridan, 1979) The word rehabilitation is defined as re-enabling and it has Latin roots as it comes from the term rehabilit be. The assumption of all these is that Justice System is not exclusively obliged to keep the community safer by holding the offenders in prison merely too preparing them, for several contends, to re-join society, by practicing their mind, developing their skills and expanding their knowledge.1.2 Significance of RehabilitationIt is necessary to be mentioned the importance of Rehabilitation from any posts of view, that of Justice and society and that of the prisoners. Later on, it will besid es be discussed the significant thesis of rehabilitation to the reduction of re-offending. Rehabilitations lively role is as it was mentioned preceding(prenominal) discipline of the mind. Through discipline, the offender will be able to be hireful to society with divulge being tempted to commit an some opposite crime. In step-up to that, there are also going to be mentioned the plans and techniques provided to the offenders, depending on the type of their offence and their needs. These needs can be categorized, as it has not always attain to do with criminogenic factors as genial illness or any kind of addiction, but also survival into society matters as where to live or work or permanent health issues. Following the previous statement, this dissertation is going to take on an exploration upon behavioural programmes, depending on the individuality of either offender.1.3 Aims of DissertationThrough a study upon Rehabilitations stress from its roots since today, this disser tation aims to provide a full(a) briefing ab proscribed rehabilitation transcription in United Kingdom. The sensitive correlation between society and prisoners can ca engagement several fusss to their in-between balance, and this is another issue that will be stated, by analysing the rehabilitation placements impacts to both of them. A review upon behavioural programmes will be mentioned later on along with their significance to the offenders. They are also going to be examined the advantages and disadvantages of the menses system and its development finishedout years. In addition to that this dissertation aims to explore the type of the rehabilitation programme which has to be followed by any offender depending on the type of his offense, the condemnation of his penalty, any drug or alcohol addiction who may has, his age and gender, if he or she belongs to a minority aggroup and last but not least if he or she suffers from any mental dis consecrate.1.4 Overview of ContentAs it was mentioned above, this dissertation tends to give a brief review of Rehabilitation System for prisoners in United Kingdom since its offshoot appearance. A flashback to rehabilitations first impression and its idea of discipline will be do in target to be evaluated its importance to the Justice System. They are also going to be discussed historical figures that published their first thoughts upon Justice System, as it had to do with punishing and imprisonment. Their appearance was significant to social reforming and inclusion of Parliamentary Acts into Justice, in rewrite to change the wait go overs of that judgment of conviction, along with the relation of rehabilitation to reducing crime. In addition to that it is going to be discussed the context of Rehabilitation in general and its aims, as it plays major role as well to the whole Justice System and several aspects of society. From the subject of this dissertation they cannot be excluded the Parliamentary Acts th at involved rehabilitation and their relation to the present one. As it was stated above this dissertation will include a review of the services provided depending on the needs of the prisoners, along with the types and categories of the current rehabilitation programmes, their r distributivelys and their prospects of development. A major type of the information precondition is provided through literature review upon reports, statistics and Acts of the Ministry of Justice, position Office, House of Commons and the authorities.Chapter 2History of Rehabilitation2. History of RehabilitationThis chapter is going to explore Rehabilitations System Background and History since the first appearance. It will be also examined the first Parliamentary Act which includes rehabilitation and the personas of its concept. Finally it will be discussed the Nothing Works debate.2.1 BackgroundThe state before the current concept of Rehabilitation, which has to do more with discipline of the mind, had incompatible ways to deal with the offenders. Depending on the type of crime the prisoners were approaching across tough punishment through which they could be tortured, deported or even face death penalty. It seems as if during the 17th Century the idea of discipline started to establish. It has to be mentioned that the concept of rehabilitation back then was authentic in order to be given to the offender a chance of fitting back to society. The function was to be offered a safer society as an offender could re-join it and be a useful member of it.As it was mentioned above it was unless in 1764 when Cesare Beccaria (b. 1738) expanded in his work the idea of Rehabilitation. When his book On Crimes and penalisation was published it was exposed a new chapter to Justice System as it had to do with the theme of imprisonment. By the time, his thoughts were mainly influenced by the new, by then, era of Enlightenment. Beccaria had several positions inside society, as he was a we ll- cognise(a) philosopher, criminologist and jurist. It can be assumed that Cesare Beccaria was the first who gave in public the idea of rehabilitation with main purpose the discipline of mind and soul and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending, and offending is general, as the ex-offender could kick in the ability to expand his knowledge to others as well. To be more specific, the criminologist stated that It is evident from the simple considerations already set out that the purpose of punishment is not that of tormenting or afflicting any sentient creature, nor of undoing a crime already committed. The purpose, therefore, is nothing other than to prevent the offender from doing fresh harm to his fellows and to deter others from doing likewise. (Beccaria, 2010)In addition to that, a philosopher and social reformer of that time who wrote about the importance of punishment giving to the offender in accordance to the type of the crime committed was Jeremy Bentham (b. 174 8). Bentham, who is also one of the fo beneaths of the theory of utilitarianism, published in 1811 his work The rationale of punishment through which he expressed his thoughts upon punishment. To be more specific, the philosopher stated that A punishment may be analogous to an offence, it is necessary that the crime should be attended with some strike characteristic heap, capable of being transferred upon the punishment. These characteristic circumstances will be different in different crimes. (Beccaria, 2010)2.2 playpen ActThe philanthropist and prison reformer John Howard (b. 1726) published in 1774 his reports about the detention conditions of the offenders as he spend a year working as a sheriff and evidenced the mail service himself. He also managed to dress down other prisons as well in order to be confident(predicate) of his findings, before the export of his reports. His findings led the jurist system to include devil more Acts which were dealing with the circumstance s under which the offenders were held, and suggested the thesis of the State in order to provide prisons which could offer humane conditions of detention. Howard also mentioned that they had do be done changes as it had to do with the fees paid to the jailers, as in many occasions offenders were slake held in prison even if they had complete their penalty because they were not able to pay them.It was only in 1779 when the passage of Parliamentary Acts had been made and it was given the permission to begin the building of the first State Prisons, which would offer fitter living conditions to the prisoners. The above can be assumed as the first evidence of an attempt of a proper rehabilitation system in United Kingdom. thus far though several actions took place after the Act, the construction of a prison was not be done until 1785, when the magistrate Sir George Onesiphorus Paul completed the first prison at Gloucester which was stated as a first prison model at that time as it was approaching every aspect of the prisoners needs. It was coming across the previous statements about a healthier environment, as it was consisted by separated cells, classification of prisoners depending on the type of their offence and it was also provided medical support.Although the Penitentiary Act of 1779 has made a major point during the development of Justice System and Rehabilitation, as it brought spacious changes to the System as they knew it by then, it is believed that it had affected it in many ways. consort to the Cambridges Historical Journal, it was strongly believed that the radical reason of these Acts pass was the reducing of deportation. In other words, prisons had to be held, in order to keep the offenders there, without the state having the need to deport them. That statement could be valid, as after the construction of the prisons in England, several other countries followed the same(p) path, for the same reasons.2.3 Purposes of RehabilitationAfter the enga gement of the Penitentiary Act, Justice System started to develop the concept of imprisonment as a path to rehabilitation. As it was mentioned above, imprisonment reduced deportation of offenders and that created several problems at that time to jailers, as the population of the prison started to increasing. However, the key concept of Rehabilitation was the reducing of re-offending as it was believed that by educating the offenders, they would re-join society with different habits. The main theme of Rehabilitation was at that point that it would be created a safer community, as ex-offenders would not make the same mistakes, be useful to society and stop other people as well from committing a crime. At this point it is more valuable to Justice to protect society preferably than being easier to an offender to resettle in terms of fitting smoothly back to community.However, as the years passing by the Justice System and Rehabilitation Services are keep developing in order to be upda ted to the needs of community. It has been already stated that the prison population started to accession. It seems as if that the same problem remained since today. At this point rehabilitation for prisoners in United Kingdom plays vital role, along with several changes that were made to the penalties of every offense, the system has to come up with new ways of avoiding prison overcrowding. Overpopulated prisons can be foul to both bodies, to offenders and guards as well.In addition to the above, the support to offenders who have complete their penalty towards community is important as in most of the shimmys the reason why they are committing the same crime again is strongly connected to the social exclusion they are facing. It can be difficult to some offenders to re-join society, and at this point it is a matter of great significance the rehabilitation services during imprisonment along with some time after release.Rehabilitation Services are aiming to offer to the prisoners t he appropriate support for every case individually. obscure from the Rehabilitation programmes which are being used and they will be discussed later on, they are provided to the offenders several other services in order to being able to re-join society. According to the report of The House of Commons for the Parliament, offenders are coming across many themes during Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation programmes are being included into the context of Rehabilitation services, as they are being part of the Purposeful Activity along with physical education and nurtureing, which aims to educate and train prisoners. One of the reasons why this System also tar jumps to reduce reconviction range is as mentioned above there is in exist the problem of overcrowding. This has a result the continuous transfer of the offenders to other prisons and that has a major affect to programmes, as the prisoners cannot receive a stable rehabilitation programme.2.4 Nothing Works What Works? DebateFrom the b ackground review of Rehabilitation cannot be excluded the Nothing Works What works? debate which began in 1974 towards a Robert Martinsons research. Even though this debate was made based upon the American Justice system its impact affected United Kingdom as well in terms of re-thinking its approach on that specific topic. After a long study Martinson stated that Rehabilitation System does not help in reducing re-offending. According to Martinson, they existed few programmes that were useful for the prisoners, but the overall outcome it was not the expected. The writer, who tried to give an explanation for the advantage in reducing recidivism stated, Having entered this very serious caveat, I am bound to say that these data, involving over two hundred studies and hundreds of thousands of individuals as they do, are the best available and give us very little reason to hope that we have in fact found a sure way of reducing recidivism through rehabilitation. This is not to say that w e found no instances of success or partial success it is only to say that these instances have been isolated, producing no clear pattern to indicate the efficacy of any particular method or treatment. (Lipton et al., 1975)During the 1980s there was a significant turn of political views towards the Right and as the change of view towards the current -at the time- rehabilitation system was differentiated, there were some opinions that the system of judge should change the penalty rigorousness according to the offence that was caused by each offender and this specific group of opinions was made renown as the Just Desert terminology. The application of penalties would be carried out in a way that as an guinea pig a murderer would receive the same harm as he had caused to the victim which would be death. That initiated the enjoyment of boot camps and prison regimes in order to strike a short, sharp shock effect to the offenders. Martinsons views were dictating that the volume of the funding should be focused towards the policing of communities with the use of CCTV, electronic tagging and alarms and invest less in the rehabilitation of offenders. The findings of Martinson were strange by a scrap of academic staff with an example of Ross Gendreau in 1979. Finally, Martinson pointed another important covariant to the negative findings which was the poor research methodologies.As every finding that is exhibited by a research, the findings of Martinson had a bend of critics (Hollin, 1999). As the 1980s and 1990s were merged, a number of meta-analytic studies were published and started to show what actually worked in the do by of reducing re-offending. These statistical techniques were utilized in order to review the results of a great number of radical studies and allowed the emergence of overall trends in the accumulated data. Such trends were analysed by A. Andrews and J. Bonta (Andrews and Bonta, 2010) who claimed that the findings of Martinson and his co lleagues were inconclusive as they were rushed into promotional material without thorough research. Due to this significant claim, Martinson and his colleagues were deemed unreliable. In the beginning, Andrews and Bonta claimed that negative results in the studies were filled instantly and almost with no question. Moreover, they supported the idea that the way the research was carried out was to mainly stress any supporting researches to treatment by using pseudoscientific techniques such as stressing the criterion problem, discounting the underlying theory and contaminating the treatment. This group of techniques were described under the general term Treatment Destruction (Gottfredson, 1979) . Furthermore, Andrews and Banta claimed that Martinson and his colleagues modified the measurements to their advantage and as a result they published findings that were unreliable. According to Andrews and Bonta, there were also errors in the conceptualization of the research as a whole whic h meant that measurements were unreliable and is a possibility that it caused the absence of positive results.To sum up, everything that was mentioned in the course of this chapter is a review upon the development of rehabilitation until the end of the 1990s. Martinson and his colleagues presented the results of their research which specified that the effects of rehabilitation are vanish and dictated that the justice system should claim a model of penalising that would treat the offenders with severity that would vary depending on their offence. On the other hand, there were a number of opposed critics that accused them for being unreliable during the go of conducting their research and modifying the variables to their advantage.Chapter 3Current Rehabilitation SystemIn the UK3. Current rehabilitation system in the UKIn this chapter are going to be provided the modifications and additions that were made to the rehabilitation system since the beginning of the 2000s and the way they make the system as we know it nowadays.3.1 Prison RulesThe Prison Rules of 1999 essentially were a replacement of the receives of 1964 and conducted changes to the way of managing prisons which include the treatment of prisoners, the powers and duties of boards of visitors and the conduct of prison officers. This chapter will mainly focus on the prison rules that affect the prisoners and not the visitors or any other mentions. The new rules of 1999 are a set of changes to previous rules in order to bring them to modern standards. The prison rule 32 is an addition to the rule 29 of the 1964 rules which was made in order to provide the distance learning ability to the prisoners as the 1964 rule was only mentioning in-prison learning programmes. Additionally, under the rule 41 every inmate search should not be placed under the raft of a person of the opposite search. Moreover, the newly specified rule 51, dictated that any irregularities during a visit such as the providing of drug s and articles to the prisoners, should be punished and the term in any way offends against good order and discipline has been revoked. Finally, the rule 55 commanded that additional punishment shall not be added to a caution and 14 days of cellular confinement is the maximum days of a total award. Additionally, the Secretary of State has been given the power to order a specific set of guidelines for the punishment of a prisoner. To conclude, according to Iain Crow the rule 2 of the prison rules states that At all times the treatment of prisoners shall be such as to back up their self-respect and a sense of personal responsibility (Crow, 2001).3.2 genial elision Unit tell of 2002As it was mentioned above, the target of rehabilitation is to reduce re-offending. Another report that played an important role to the modification of the justice system was the Social Exclusion Unit Report which was introduced in order to reduce the increasing evaluate of re-offending by ex-convicts an d was commissioned by the Government in order to investigate what steps should be followed as to halt offending repetition. It also dictated that efforts for the rehabilitation of prisoners should be doubled in order to introduce them back to society tellingly and it would be done by prison sentences not being made only to punish but also provide the convicts with the opportunity to reduce the chance of re-offending. Moreover, the Unit Report of 2002 stated that offenders are repeating offences because the prison sentences were not as effective as they should be.A number of reasons for the increment of reconviction rates during the 1990s included the erosion to the system of support for short-term prisoners post-release, the changes to the prisoners benefit rules and the take in growth in areas that are defined by social exclusion such as ine prize, barbarian poverty and drug use. The report also introduced a series of key factors that affect the re-offending rates which are the mental and physical welfare, the education and employment of prisoners, the misuse of addictive substances (i.e. alcohol, drugs), the family networks and the life skills and financial support of prisoners.The Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 not only stated the factors that cause the rise in re-offending rates but also made a number of recommendations which are the followingA long-term subject area Rehabilitation Strategy should be introduced in order to approach rehabilitation and ultimately reduce re-offending. impoundment should be applied only where necessary. Improvements to diversion schemes have to be made in-court in order to account if an offender is mentally ill and specific actions should then be carried out such as mental health care. Additionally, there should be doubt over the overall value of short-term prison sentences as they might have negative effects recrudesce due to the lack of supervision after custody. caparison and financial needs of newly released pri soners should be taken into account a national level. Furthermore, in order to further cleanse the accessibility to healthcare, housing, employment and education, a system for effective resettlement should be designed.An increase in the variety of programmes that are available in the community is needed, as it will help with a number of aspects of the ex-prisoners such as mental health programmes, drug and alcohol treatment and education.Each ex-prisoner should be treated in accordance to their circumstances and as a result if would offer a more improved effect to the rehabilitation of the ex-prisoners as each programme will be focused on their needs. These programmes will include a series of activities and support that will be devised by a case manager who will cover the entire sentence of the prisoner, during and after his or her imprisonment.In conclusion, the Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 stated a lot of problems in the rehabilitation progress that was used until that t ime but also recommended key objectives that had to be fulfilled in order to improve the rehabilitation system and significantly reduce the re-offending rates for ex-prisoners and is best defined by the best way of reducing re-offending is to get a line that prisoners on their release have the ability to get into work and a home to go to. In the remainder of this report, we investigate the current levels of provision of training, education and employment opportunities within prison, and of resettlement arrangements after release. (Office, 2002)3.3 The Carter Report of 2003In March 2003 the Government authorized the businessman Patrick Carter in order to create an extensive review of the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The objective was to establish an effective system that would not only focus on reducing crime but also maintain the public confidence on board being affordable.The Carter Report was released to public in December 2003 that concluded that the increased u sage of imprisonment and probation during the past decade reflected the increased severity of the sentences for specific offences rather than an increase in the overall seriousness of crimes that were brought to justice or the growth of the number of offenders being caught and sentenced -both remaining widely constant. Moreover, the Carter Report stated that while imprisonment is vital in order to protect the public, by incapacitating dangerous and persistent offenders, the increased use of imprisonment and probation has only a limited effect on offences and the evidence -which prove that the severity of sentences is a major factor for preventing crimes- are also severely limited. Another problem in the process of convicting offenders was pointed out by the report which described the process too focused on offenders with no previous sentences and failed to get to grips with highly persistent offenders. Additionally, the report stated that there were a lot systemic failures in the us e of interventions in order to reduce re-offending because they were ineffectively targeted. These failures that were highlighted were the fact that short-term offenders are not staying in the same place and as a result cant receive effective interventions which would reduce the chance of re-offending, the quality of the interventions that an offender is receiving varies greatly depending the prison establishment who is held and as the court often is not able to address the needs of the offender is being assigned with interventions that are not suited for his or her needs.The Carter Report on base the problems -which stated that existed in the criminal justice system- it introduced a number of new approaches that should be followed in order to deal properly with offenders with the core points beingA National Offender Management Service (NOMS) should be established that would combine the functions of the present Prison and Probation Services and it should have two main core goals wi th the first being the punishment of offenders and the reduction of re-offending. It should be headed by a lone Chief Executive and based on evidence on what works in reducing re-offending and taking no account of whether the offender is sentenced with imprisonment or community service, it should be responsible for the successful management of the offenders sentence.A range of targeted and effective sentences should be created which will be enforced in robust way. Depending on the risk assessment of each offender, community punishments should become more intense and three levels of severity should be made available (Community Punishment, intensive Supervision and Monitoring and Community Rehabilitation). Last but not least, community sentences for low-risk cases should be replaced with fines.Based on sentencing guidelines, which are informed by evidence of what works in reducing re-offending and makes effective use of the exist capacity, the judiciary should take up a new role in m anaging probation demand and prisons and as a result ensure a better consistency of punishment practice.As the findings of the Carter Report were very significant, the Government drew heavily on its recommendation that were focused on the improvement of the criminal justice system and the particular correctional services. As a result the Government started the implementation of the core proposals from the Carter Report into the barbarous Justice Act of 2003.Chapter 4Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs)4. Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs)A major part of Rehabilitation procedure is the establishing of Offending Behaviour Programmes that were designed in order to treat or improve the cognitive skills of the offenders and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending. These programmes were designed and offered to prisoners by the Prison Service during the first 90s. This chapter will include several models of these programmes, as they are being categorized according to the ty pe of the offence, the condition of the offender along with his psychological condition, his age or any addictions.4.1 Psychological and Behaviour IssuesGrendons model is one of the most knows rehabilitation programmes in United Kingdom, as it was first established 40 years ago at the HMP of Grendon in Buckinghamshire. This programme aims to offer a treatment to offenders who suffer from psychopathy. At this point it has to be mentioned that the offenders volunteer to participate and they cannot be over 40. When the offenders are getting involved with Grendons system, are being shared out into five groups, which are also known as therapeutic communities. Grendons model is still offers treatment to the offenders scorn the lack of funding.Another behaviour programme that aims to provide treatment to offenders with psychological issues is Democratic TC, which has several similarities to that of Grendons. This programme is designed to support offenders who suffer from either personal ity disorder or emotional needs. In order to address any psychological and emotional agitation, Democratic TCs offer round-the-clock living-learning interventions for offenders whose primary criminogenic contingency factors should be targeted. In addition to the previous, it has to be stated that in several models, which are based on cognitive skills, some mentors of the interventions are offenders who have already completed the programme successfully. Such is Kainos Rehabilitation programme, which is also known as Challenge to change. Kainos is also a full time based model and aims to reduce criminogenic causes of offenders who have been judged as medium to high risked.Behavioural programmes are also targeting to reduce re-offending through teaching the criminals to delay themselves by improving their self-management skills. Such model is Priestley One to One (Priestley OTO), which also aims to provide the offenders with the skill self-critic. In this case they are able to be resp onsible and understand the already committed crime and accept its consequences. It has to be mentioned that this programme is bounded only in community. Additionally, a widely known model is TSP, which stands for intellection Skills Programme and works upon teach the offenders to achieve their goals without committing offences. In other words, it is based on self-management and personal coaching. same(p) target also has RESPOND, which is designed for prisoners who cannot work in groups, and offers the treatment individually.4.2 Drug and Alcohol Misusefourscore per cent of people that are being imprisoned have significant issues that are related to either drug or alcohol. In a number of prisons, drug tests were carried out during reception and eight out of ten prisoners were found having class A drugs in their system. Drug misusers are committing a major likeness of the acquisitive crimes as, in drug tests that were carried out during reception, a good per cent of the offenders tha t were prosecuted for offences such as burglary and shrinking had heroin, cocaine or other opiates in their system. The underlying problem is that most of these people have neer received any help about their drug problem. The statistics stated that there is a need for programmes that will hel