Changing In The Role Of Management Accountant Accounting Essay

Changing In The Role Of Management Accountant seam relationship EssayAbstractThis essay gives an overview of the changing division of steering take and the commission history practices. An idea of how these departs were developed and the factors canful the changes what were the reasons for implementing the changes, what were the main drivers and to what design these changes ar now existence practice in the real championship world?IntroductionOver the few decades- many writers score pointed to the scarper of Johnson and Kaplan (1987) as an organ in this respect that in that location has been a evoke in the expectation of solicitude comptroller. This essay is a brief overview of why, how, and to what effect there has been a change in the role of concern overtop over the last three decades. In the past decades business milieu has changed significantly, this is mainly beca sp eradicate of the changes in technology and ever growing demands of business managers wh ole(a) around the globe. These changes defend brought a significant level of change in economical factors of business world and counselling be is no exception. And with these changes attention account system as a whole is effected, it has brought changes in write up system carcass and techniques and has been subject to various debates as to bring changes in the function of accounting system. Nevertheless, there have been mainly dickens types of development adoption of unexampled tools and techniques which enhances accounting practice, and on the other hand change in the role of management comptroller, which is towards acting more(prenominal) than than(prenominal) than in decision reservation and advisory sooner than solely focusing on providing selective teaching.In the following sections this essay pass on give a brief idea of the main reason behind the changes and how these changes effected the management accounting practices and to what goal these changes ar adapted by the accounting sector.Reasons for the changesThe ever changing environmental and technological factors has affected the orbicular thrift in past few decades, and accounting and finance is a key player in running any economy. And as being a major factor in running any economy accounting practices has suffered significantly. But the focus in this essay is on management accounting and its practitioner and why, how and to what extent there has been a change in their practice.Laboring under the shadow of financial reporting, auditing and taxation, on number of do management accounting has escaped the spotlight of critics. Often management accounting and the role of management accountant is relegated to the lower crust of accounting, and was limited to the role of organisational book keeping and budgeting and some clippings only to the extent of mandatory university or professional body courses. But if we look in this numerate from historical point of view management a ccounting was and to some extent still considered as a dull profession.We can say that receivable to globalization of markets which have change magnitude competition, and now markets argon more volatile, where answer time is very little for companies to act. Advancement in information and product technologies, which have reduce the time of information processing by accounting specialist and has enabled other organizational staff to take up tasks by themselves which were previously labeled for accountants.iFurthermore systems like SAP ar comely more common in multinational companies, and in some middling size companies. A fresh survey on this topic has too proved that there has been a change in needs of mangers information this might be because of the changing style of organizational structure. In recent years ascribable to severe competition among organizations of being on top, and where change is necessary because of different market conditions, and of course different bu siness strategies utilise in different organizations. All these factors are the reason for the change in the practice of management accountants.Implementing the changes and its EffectsIf we summarize the recent surveys on changing role of management accountant, we will see that there are two types of factors that have brought a change in the environment of management accounting operations. Externals factors have forced organization to change there internal structures to make out with ever improving technological industry. The 21st century management accountants have developed into a multi-functional engine and are more involved in accounting matters than before.Now managers need more information than before, for decision-making and relevant organizational matters needed for profitable outcome. Internal organizational factors like decision making require more advance information and efficient modes are postulate to perform such tasks. So with that majority of the information manag ement accountant have these geezerhood are computerized and are easily accessible at all levels of the organization and managers who can immediately see their variances and monitor their surgery daily. These new development has replaced old methods where managers were able to see the progress at the end of the month. During a conversation between CIMA members it was stated now systems are such that managers can generate information without reference to the financial analysts. So both have access to the equivalent information. But they both use it in different ways. That has been a major change.A variety of name are used to describe the new role of management accountant is or should be aspiring, which include modern business-oriented accountant (Granlund and Lukka, 1998b), business confederate (Siegal and Sorenson, 1999), internal business consultants (Burns and Vaivio, 2001), strategic management consultant (Holtzman, 2004), or hybridizing accountant (Burns and Baldvinsdottir , 2005). Nevertheless, theme was one way or the other same regarding the new role.iiBut the matter of fact is the role of accountant is more important than before, not only in the corporate level, but overly at national and international level. The main focus of management accountant has evermore been to improve their organizations performance and profitability, but now due to changes in different environmental and economical factors their approach has changed in recent time for comfortably.Noticeable change over time is that in years before, a great deal of management accounting work was driven by the need of compliance and control. But now, emphasis on compliance and control are declining, while factors like competitive stay has risen due to increased competition, greater customer focus, importance of quality and of course globalization.The increased emphasis on competitive support now require management accountant to have strong analytical and communication skills. Furthermor e, they now support and process managers, and are directly involved in decision making. They are alike involved in long and short-term planning, they besides have to develop systems to support and provide essential information needed. With these new developments management accountant must directly involved in formulation, and the implementing business strategies.To what convey there has been changes forthwith, as compared to previous decades management accounting practices has changed quite a bit, now management accountant has to reconcile the broad view of business. Today management accountant are more effective and efficient. Management accounting is changing, and reason for these changes is the factors. These factors are as mentioned above changes in the economic and amicable structures, globalization issues, changes in the markets, and technological developments and last but not least need for organizations to become customer focused.The focus have shifted from historical st ewardship to more advance role of strategic planning and feed forward control (pierce, 2001). Now armed with advance skills, new technology, more analytical skills and leadership qualities the new management accountants are emerging with the change.Management accountant these days spend their time on strategic management accounting with a view of broadening the concept of traditional management accounting. The term strategic management accounting was first introduced by Ken Simmonds in 1981. And CIMA describes this oral communication as a form of management accounting that focuses on information which relate to factors external to the firm, as well as non-financial information, and internally generated information.This integration is now more important because it enables managers to see the day-to-day development of the business process. How these processes are being handled and what will be there outcome, and that way this is seen as an important function of the new and more adva nce management accountant. And with the changing role of management accountant, in some companies their job titles are also changing as mentioned above like business advisor, business analyst and few others.Furthermore, some surveys have suggested that there will be more changes in the role of management accounting, management accountants will be taking up the duties of handling matters like designing, developing and operating financial and management information system.The trend is that management accountant is now working more with business units, rather than working as an individual unit as happened in the past. This is mainly because of the shift in the duties of the management accountant and changes in the organizational structures. Now management accountant work alongside managers, engineers and so on.iiiIn some cases it is noted that management accountant are more involved in issues of corporate strategy, they are more involved and are not acting as an individual unit, and t his is the reason the need for management accountant to be more skillful, advance are becoming a mandatory qualification.To sum up the situation of the role changing or we can also say that taking it to next level the factors vie a very important role, factors such as technology, restructuring, globalization, takeovers/mergers, new accounting techniques and so on. Management accountants are adapting to the change which is not only dowery the organizations to be more effective in making profit, but it is also improving the dull image of the management accountant.ConclusionIn the end we can say that the changing roles of management accountant are for the good of the profession. As to compete in this fast growing economical world, with all the development that are taking place around us accounting and finance plays an important role in any successful economy.As a whole the role of management accountant have travel into another level. With all the new techniques and technological adva ncement have brought new softwares which have made work easy and faster for the management accountant, which is always a need in this fast pace world where markets are very competitive and margin of error is very high.

The Pakistani Construction Chemical Industry Marketing Essay

The Pakistani bodily social bodily structure Chemical Industry trade leavenConstruction Chemicals be the broad range of chemics that atomic number 18 using upd as additives before or after crook stages to enhance the qualification and strong suit of concrete body structures. These range of construction chemical substance substances atomic number 18 further divided into admixtures, barelyt adhesives, water proofing, come treatments, sealants, grouts and anchors, depending on their procedure in various(a) applications of even out and construction.The Pakistani construction chemical intentness despite its troubled scrimping is emergence at a steady rate due to availability of natural resources and construction projects within country and neighboring Afghanistan. Construction chemical intentness is actu on the wholey closely related to construction industry and is very much dependent over it. Many international companies those atomic number 18 considered as p i whiznessers and giants in construction chemicals have developed construction sites in Pakistan to appropriate this geographic segment. Many local companies have besides stepped in this withdraw of business and are adapting international standards in technology and wreakes that has enlarged this industry magnitude but also developed the disputation. Though it is a growing industry in local office yet at the identical time on a littler level it also attracts the maintenance of the niche segment of qualified mountain who know what impart be the ultimate satisfaction that they will puzzle after using much(prenominal) subject of harvest-feasts and exit.Internship in MBA program is very abetful in thought the standards, codes and ethics that are blueprintd in real commercializeplaces. As a merchandising student to gain in habitusation on how companies in this competition adopt marting strategies and focus on the require and wants of the customers to stay contem poraneous and profitable. For this purpose I took internship in marketing discussion section of revolutionary Chemicals, a construction chemicals caller-out whose industry is very dynamic. The follow started its business in 2003 as a licensee of revolutionary Construction Chemicals LLC USA and specializes in importation and manufacturing of construction chemicals Admixtures get hold Treatments, Grouts and Anchors, Water proofing Materials, Industrial Floorings, Concrete Protective Coatings, vocalize Sealants Adhesives.I gained a lot of practical experience working in this company and I am quite confident that this expo undisputable will have a positive impact on given assignments and entrepreneurial activities as a professional in marketing. I did internship for six weeks of bingle week in pay division and rest in marketing segment to have a broad exposure. Working in finance department was much like to get a general estimation about department functions and I was ab le to get interaction with finance department staff and watched their general activities. Higher management corporation and sustain helped very much in gaining the inside view of the organization processes and devising it a good learning experience. During the internship period I met many guests, slew in the marketing field and observed their activities. In this report I have discussed technical terms that are utilize in this industry and conducted SWOT analysis. At the end of this report I have do some conclusions and recommendations for the company. Vision and Mission statements are as followsVision rumorTo be the leader in chemical industry and to serve commercial, residential and industrial construction by utilizing our vast seek, expertise and experience.Mission instructionWe at extremist chemicals are totally committed to developing customer- think ofd, admixtures, draw close treatments, protective coatings concrete repairs, industrial flooring, grouts anchors, adh esives, waterproofing sealants solutions.Our focus is directed toward free burning improvement, superior property and exceptional service.Table of contentsSerial noneTopicPage No.01Overview of the brass instrument8i. Brief register8ii. reputation of the organization9iii. production lines10iv. vane portfolio of the organization11v. Strategies of gradeing used by the organization12vi. List of main clients of UC13vii. List of main competitors of UC1802 organizational structure19i. organizational Hierarchy chart19ii. issue of employees20iii. Introduction of all the departments20iv. Comments on the organizational structure2103 forge of my internship program21i. A brief noticeing entry to passport office21ii. trailting and ending durations of my internship21iii. defecate calling of the departments in which I got training2104Training program22i. Description of activities performed by departments22ii. Description of the tasks assigned tasks2205 social structure of marketi ng plane section25i. part hierarchy25ii. bet of employees in market department26iii. Marketing operations2606 work ons of Marketing Department27i. Segmentation system28ii. crisscross marketing dodge28iii. Product planning, development management28iv. Positioning29v. Pricing strategy30vi. Distribution strategy34vii. Promotional strategy3507 bodily structure of the sales Department36i. Department hierarchy36ii. Number of employees working in sales department36iii. gross sales operations3608Function of Sales Department37i. Sales methodology37ii. showcase of marketing37iii. Sales returns procedures3809Customer Services Department39i. Process of developing relations with customers39ii. Techniques of retaining the customers40iii. Techniques of attracting tenderfound customers40iv. Ways of handling dissimilar kinds of customers4010 fault controling Analysis of UC4211SWOT analysis4412Conclusion4613Recommendations4614References47Overview of the OrganizationBrief history of or ganization ultra Chemicals, LLC. a, USA establish company adopting Market growth and Product Development Strategies formed its subsidiary, extremist Construction Chemicals (PVT) Limited.The company started its operations in Pakistan in 2003. It provide improved woodland construction additives as intimately as technical support to different sites including Commercial, Residential, hold Societies, Underpasses, Flyovers, Dams, Hydro powers, Combined Cycle Power Projects, Bridge Structures, Airports and Canal veneer etc by utilizing research and expertise to serving valued customers throughout its region.Nature of organizationThe Company imports raw veridicals of most of its chemical returns from various countries like, Japan, Korea, Russia, southernmost Africa and America. Admixtures are blended and mixed at extremist chemical affect Unit which is located exactly 4KM, off Ferozpur roadway, LahoreEpoxies in finished form are directly imported from Japan Korea through its pa rent company. These are imported in bulk quantities and re-packed into small tin packs for further selling to the customers.The Company has strong technical team which provides technical serve and supervisions to its customers. The services intromit product applications, Precaution, port life, adept cure time, and final strength of the products and concrete cubes.The business is classified as consumer durables because the nature and use of the products in processes and projects are made so that the projects have extended lives and strong suit in their structures.iii) Product Lines and Brand Portfolio of the organization The company offers a accomplish range of construction chemicals/additives which are used to enhance concrete structure life, workability, quality, and strength. The wide range of construction chemicals products includesConcrete Admixture revolutionary powderize 2000Ultra Super Plast 470UltraGrouts n AnchorsUltra Lock E3-GPSurface TreatmentUltra Curing CompoundI ndustrial FlooringUltra Hard FloorProtective CoatingUltra Tuffcoat-90Water ProofingUltra Seal GreyJoints Sealants etcUltra Poly Urethane SealantStrategies of gradeingBranding schema plays an important exercise in creating a, sign, symbol, and name that differentiates and identifies a product from opposite products. An effective punctuateing strategy provides you a chance to penetrate and increase market shares in a competitive market. Branding is very incident in nature that a company adopts under some actor like product, consumer behavior and company position in competitive environment.The company has adopted Range Brand Strategy. This strategy offers one brand name through a single promise for a range of products be to the same area of competence. Ultra Construction Chemical has only one brand name (Ultra) which is used for all of its range of interrelated products. master(prenominal) ClientsNational Level Project References world(prenominal) Air Port Sialkot.greater Thai Canal.Kachi Canal.Rainee Canal.KCI Chashma.Satpara Dam.Sher Shah Bridge Multan.Mole Power Project Kohat.Head Baloki caloric Power Station.Islamabad Muree Motorway.Lahore to Gujranwala pass Bridges.Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.Chief diplomatic minister Secretariat Lahore.President House Islamabad.Prime Minister House Islamabad. vacuum tube Cash Carry.Industrial Sector ( cement Industry)Pioneer cement grinder Joharabad. exceed Way Cement Factory Chakwal.Gharibwal Cement Factory Find Dadan Khan.Saadi Cement Factory Hattar.Mustehkum Cement Factory Hattar.Fauji Cement Factory Fatah Jhang.Thatta Cement Factory Sindh.Lucky Cement Factory Karachi.Pakistan Cement Factory Chakwal.DG Cement Factory D.G Khan. welt, Textile Industries Etc.East Pakistan Chroome Tainery Shaikhupura.Universal Leather Kahna Lahore.Yusaf Tainery Sahiwal.Dada Tainery Ferozpur Road Lahore.Sapphire Finishing Raiwind Lahore.Nishat Mills Defence Road Lahore.Nishat Chunian.Five Star International Faisalabad.Mana kine Textile Rohi Nala Lahore.Ehsan Sons RaiwindMaster Textiles RaiwindKoh-e-Noor Textile Raiwind Mange Road Lahore.Mayfair Textile RaiwindAzgard-9 Raiwind.Akash Textile Faisalabad.Sonex Tiles Industry Kamokey.Mater Tiles Gujranwala.Bata Pakistan.Nestle Pakistan Kbirwala Sheikhupura.Pak Arab fertilizerFatima Fertilizer Rahim Yaar Khan.Angro Fertilizer Ghotki.Ghani Glass Industries.Honda Car Factory Multan Road Lahore.Honda Motorcycle Sheikhupura Raod Lahore.LG Factory Sunder Industrial Estate Lahore.Faisal Asad Textile Layyah.coca put skunk LahorePepsi Cola Lahore.Sunder Industrial Estate Lahore.Clariant Pakistan Jamshoro.Millat Tractors Sheikhupura Road Lahore.KSB Pumps.Doctor in flyingary Lahore.Adil Hospital Defence Lahore. formed IndustriesIzhar Group of Companies.Izhar Pvt. Ltd.Gondal Precast Gujrat.Imam CoJamal Precast Rawalpindi.Saeed Precast Kohat.Rana Concrete Lahore.Junaid Pool programt.Potential EngineersC-Mix Concrete Lahorepharmaceutic IndustriesAmeer drug company Shaikhupura Road.Sharooq Pharma Ferozpur Road Lahore.Shahzaib Pharma Haripur.Pharmajin Ferozpur Road.Gyton Pharma Raiwind Road.Glaxo smith Kot Lakhpat.Selmore Pharma Multan Road Lahore.International Pharma Defence Road Lahore.Zakfas Pharma Multan.Mass Pharma RaiwindEthical Lab Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore.Mac Rains Pharma Raiwind Road.shop Centers, Housing SectorsPace Pakistan Pvt. Ltd.Rabi Centre Lahore.Ahad Tower LahoreAH Tower M.M. Alam Road Lahore.Pak Gulf-7 Star Islamabad.Sethi Motors Model Town More Lahore.Essem Hotel Islamabad.Emmar Housing Project Islamabad.Defence Housing Authority Lahore.Eden Developers/Housing.Bahria Town Lahore Rawalpindi.EME Society DHA Multan Road Lahore.City crop System.Beacon House Schools System.Salamat School System.Laccas School System.Punjab Group of Colleges.Askari Villas Airport Lahore.Aero DevelopersMubarak Sales Center Lahore.Al-Gugair Giga Tower Karachi.Rehman Hospital Ferozpur Road Lahore.Thokhar Niaz Baig Fly Over Lahore. Moslem Tower Under Pass Lahore.Royal Palm Golf confederacy Lahore.Warid , U Fone,Telenor Towers.Main competitorsList of major competitors is appended belowSIKA InternationalBASF PakistanFOS-Pak Construction Chemical (Pvt) LtdABE- Construction Chemical (Pvt) LtdImporient Construction Chemicals (Pvt) LtdZohebia Construction (Pvt) LtdOrganizational StructureThe organizational structure of Ultra Chemicals has functional departmentalization structure with centralise decision making.i) Organizational Hierarchy chartii) Number of employeesThe total amount of employees working in Ultra Construction Chemicals offices ( go office branch offices) and in factory are 120iii) Introduction of all departments.Human mental imagery DepartmentHuman resource department of Ultra construction chemical dealing with matters of employees like, training, hiring, labor relations and benefits. Human resource management also plays an important role to make employee labor force well-organized as well as maintaining employee database.finance DepartmentEvery organization plays an important role to meet the need of all of its stake holders. This is true in the finance sector. Ultra construction chemical has a strong finance department which plays a broad range of roles to under take inside and away of its business. The finance department of Ultra construction chemicals handles all traditional responsibilities and finance matter such as finance accounting, payroll management, recoveries, estimating and handling bullion in hand and outflow, record keeping and managing liquidity.Marketing DepartmentIt is the major responsibility of marketing department of Planning and coordination of all marketing activities. Ultra construction chemicals marketing department works to promote their products at just scathe in the market. The marketing department of Ultra construction chemicals is also responsible of generating new inquiries, through tender opening, news papers, building consultants, contractors and media. underdeveloped long term relation with exiting as well as new customers.Sales DepartmentThe sales department of Ultra construction chemical is responsible for the sales of the companys manufactured products and services. Payment collection, after sales services, logistic, overbearing and assessing sales force activities is also duty of Ultra Chemicals sales department.Comments on the organizational structure Ultra Construction chemical has departmentalization decision making structure. It includes wide span of control with central decision making approach. This type of decision making strategy is good for company products, services and business.fa3. Plan of internship programi) Brief introduction of head officeUltra Chemicals head office is situated in 26 CC-2 Civic Centre, Central Plaza, in the altogether Garden Town Lahore, where I conducted my internship. It is floor which is divided into four departments that include finance, marketing, sales and human resource departments.i i) Starting and ending dates of InternshipStaring date of my internship is June 01, 2010 and ending date is July 13, 2010.iii) Names of the departments in which I got my trainingFinance DepartmentI got training in Finance department for one week starting from June 01, 2010 to June 08, 2010 and learned voucher entries, book keeping, journal entries.Sales Marketing DepartmentsFrom June 09, 2010 till the completion of my internship. During this tenure, I learned / performed the following Companies Marketing policiesMarket Analysis Prepared Marketing PlanPromoting Companys productsUnderstanding customers needs requirements4) Training programInternship Training program started on June 01, 2010 and ended on July 07, 2010i) Detailed Description of the operations performed by the departmenta) Finance departmentActivities of this department are recovery of coin from clients and agencies, preparation of budget, payroll management, account maintaining and keeping records.b) Marketing depar tmentThis department is responsible for conducting marketing research, ad and promotion, devise a marketing plan, manage product portfolio. In entree to these activities this department focuses on customer needs, develop and communicate with customers, develop plans that would help in gaining a competitive edge in competition.Detailed commentary of assigned tasks Separate localise and separate responsibility is assigned to sales representative. I had to meet 0.6 Million Sales indicate during my Internshipmeeting with principal civil engineer (M. Israr Farrooqi) , discussion regarding epoxy resin sacreeding (used in hygienic chemical resistant floor in food departments, hospitals lobby, beverages, food processing install, pharmaceuticals outturn plant, cold storage ) and self leveling in new food grain plan building realize to Head of construction, Mr Khwaja Tasueef at Metro cash carry Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore for water steel structure water proofing with(epoxy primer, int ra seal sprain= broad(prenominal) elongation coating pasting of polyester fiber,c) Visit to Sapphire power plant MuridkeMet Mr. Rana Khaliq ur Zaman Arif and discussion regarding grouting of diesel tank pipes with some postgraduate strength epoxy material. And surface treatment of water unloading transport of acids like (caustic soda, HCL, H2so4 (sulphuric acid) and water proofing of underground storage tanksd) Visit to Nishat Mills LtdIts head office is situated at 7 Main gulberg, Lahore. I had a detailed discussion with Mr. Khurram Procurement Manager regarding all construction products peculiarly focused on related jobs like grouting of power looms machines foundation.e) Visit to Coca Cola concentrated plantIt is situated 1 N Gulberg industrial area Lahore. A brief discussion with Raza Ali maintenance manager regarding epoxy sacreeding and self leveling of floor (hygienic coating) for hygienic conditions such as non bacterial growth.f) Visit to Descon Engineering LimitedThe head office is located at Ferozpur road Lahore. A detailed discussion with Mr. Rafiq (Project Buyer) regarding treatment of expansion joints Ultra Safe Lastic-V (sealant for vertical surface) for Mangla dam Projects and Satpara Dam Project for rebarring of concrete structures.g) Visit to Dawood Hercules Sheikhupura raod lahoreThe corporate Head office 35-A, Shahrah-e-Abdul Hameed Bin Baadees (Empress Road), Lahore 54000, Pakistan. I have conducted a meeting with Mr. Rasheed (chief civil) regarding workshop floors treatments with some epoxy utmost strength materials and surface treatment of cooling tower basin with some cement materials and polymer added mortar.5) Structure of the Marketing DepartmentMarketing department has a traditional structure with decentralized decision making and narrow span of control.i) Department hierarchyii) Number of employees working in the Marketing department in that respect are ten employees working in marketing department of Lahore head office.iii) Marketing OperationsMarketing department of Ultra Chemicals performs various activities to enhance the position of brand and products. Performing activities to measure marketing and planning, advertising budgets, project work and promotional campaign results while systematically up effectiveness and efficiency. have market reports later completion of each project the marketing department makes reports and analysis of the completed projects.To make budgetsIt is a planned activity that allocates revenues and expenses that are needed to carry out various marketing activities. It also covers determine decisions specific to clients, rewarding employees with bonuses and also to make product range more innovative.Brand ManagementBrand image is positioned so that the perceived value to the customer would increase brand equity by continuously improving the band contract .PricingPricing objectives and strategies are qualifyd, in enjoin to have optimal pricing. Terms and conditions of pric ing are also established.6) Functions of the Marketing DepartmentTo Conduct market researchMarket researchers conduct the research, spring up reports and present to marketing director.Promotion and AdvertisingTo expand customer base and find new customers are key as scars to any firm peculiarly in this challenging industry. Advertising and promotion strategies are used to find and attract new customers. For this purpose Ultra Chemicals launched many campaigns to increase their brand awareness by effective advertising and promotions systems.Prepare Marketing PlanMarketing plan is prepared at the start of the year, targets are set to achieve and strategies are adopted to achieve these goals. Based on market research and analysis a plan is prepared and managers make sure that objectives are carried out without delays.Segmentation strategySegmentation strategy depends on the market potential and the ability to satisfy the customer needs. For this reports from market research process a re consulted.Segmentation strategy used by Ultra Chemicals is1) Geographic SegmentationGeographic segmentation is the dividing of the target market in various segments depending on the customers usage and demands for those products. Clients of Ultra Chemicals are from various cities, and construction sites within Pakistan that require the products produced.2) Behavioral SegmentationBehavioral segmentation is the dividing of the target market in segments according to potential buyers of products and their knowledge, usage and mental attitude towards that product.Products of Ultra Chemicals are used by such people and professionals who are inner and understand the brand promise that it offers, because they are looking for quality and military strength.ii) Target marketing strategyMarket research process also define the target market that helps in identifying those market segments that are potential clients and agencies that utilizes the products services produced by a company. Rig ht identification of the target market helps in saving time and monetary costs. Target market primarily includes those customers, regions and all those projects that are related with construction industry. The nature of this industry requires a market that is composed of knowledgeable and technical people who know what value and promises this brand offers. Though it is a growing industry in local perspective yet at the same time on a smaller level it can depends and target the niche segment of qualified people who know what will be the ultimate satisfaction that they will receive after using these products. On a larger scale Ultra Chemicals targets large scale projects.After identification and selection of target market, strategies used by Ultra Chemicals are product and market specialisation with full market coverage that span over whole country. Product specialization is used because the company has the potential to customize the products according to the need of their client age ncies, and market specialization is used because the company offers this target market a variety of its products for usage.iii) Product planning, development managementProduct PlanningAfter market research and careful analysis of market opportunities and assessing the needs of the customers, product planning process is started which aims at answering questions like which new product should be introduced or are there any modifications that can be made in the current product portfolio. What will be the process of after sales service and at what time the product should be introduced in the market. However basic product planning starts with idea times many internal sources like customers, suppliers etc are consulted. When data is gathered from various sources is gathered, further screening and short-list is made and more feasible ideas is selected.Product DevelopmentUltra Chemicals manufacture their products in their production plant which is situated at Defence Road Rohi Nala, Opp Ka cha Tiba Village, Industrial State Lahore.Basic raw materials are imported from various countries and under the supervision of qualified team of plant managers, supervisors and chemical analysts products are manufactured according to ASTM (American Standard riddleing Method) which is an international standard developed by American society for testing materials.Product managementWhen new product is developed then it is managed by commercialization which deals with the timing of the launch of the new product, also where and when to launch the product. After that test marketing is carried out where the product is tested in real market conniption. Ultra Chemicals uses the push strategy and send out notifications, samples and promotional material to their regular clients and make the characteristics of the product known and managed through a dialogue network of professionals and customer service. All products of Ultra Chemicals are leveraged under its alone(p) brand name.iv) Position ingPositioning is what we do to the mind of our customers it should be through with(p) carefully because it is the foundation on which other marketing decisions are built. both change in the stead can result in scathe fluctuations.Since the launch of Ultra Chemicals in 2003, the company has done effective promotional campaigns and developed a large customer base. They were successful in telescope the perception of a company that offers a wide range of full(prenominal) quality to meet the need of customers by enhancing the safety, durability and design of construction. These activities resulted in good brand military position and the perception of their products carry values of strength, reliability, durability and adaptability. Customers know that the brand fulfill its set of promises. There may be multiple positioning strategies based on the target market segment, but based on the nature of industry and business Ultra Chemicals positioning strategy is universal for all its s egments i.e. to deliver strength, durability, and life of the projects.v) Pricing strategyPricing is the very important factor in the product mix. In positioning of the company products pricing can affect companys image and attitude of the customers. It is very strategic in nature and require careful planning. court-ordered injury fluctuations can result due to a change in the positioning of the company. A firm operates in an environment that is composed of factors like competitors and legal systems such as hurt controls to prevent pricing too high or too low. A firm should also consider that setting a price too low can lead to price war among competitors. There are various pricing objectives that a firm take aftersTo maximize profit join on revenueIncrease sellingIncrease profit marginUse pricing to signal high qualityOnly meeting costs to stay in marketAvoiding price warsBased on desired objectives a firm can pursue various pricing strategies likeCost plus pricing agio pricing Psychological pricingTarget base pricingIt is in the main accepted that the price should not be lower than the costs associated in conducting activities.Ultra Chemicals pricing objectives are to increase profit margin and use price to signal high quality. There strategy is based on psychological and premium pricing strategies. Psychological pricing is used because the brand is already positioned in customer mind as having value disposed of strength, durability and reliability that gives mental satisfaction with not much slant on budget.Customers take price as a sign of quality. subsidy or value based pricing is also used based on the value that it has created for customer. Customers are priced according to the performance of products and technical expertise provided by the company. This pricing is very profitable for Ultra Chemicals and a high profit margin is set on it.As general practice prices are quoted to customers with thirty days validity that is subjected to change due to circumstances. There are factors that affect the pricing mechanism of Ultra Chemicals. Any ch

Examples Of The Company Suffering From Bad Publicity

Examples Of The Company Suffering From Bad PublicityGreenpeace distributed an disputative video on YouTube about Nestls source for palm petroleum for their products. The targeted product was the Kit Kat bar and the video play dour the Kit Kat slogan Have a break, Have a Kit Kat. Greenpeace said that Nestls source have a dreary hands in ruining a rainforests which were natural habits for orangutans. Furthermore, Greenpeaces video to a fault imitative Kit Kats commercial by starting by a bored office worker tearing paper for his boss for hours. He pulls out a Kit Kat bar and bites into it without noticing or care that the Kit Kat is actually a bleeding orangutan finger, and leaks beginning all over his face and keyboard. In this case, cuddle took a mobile action removed the video. By today technology, there is still had a way to let YouTube user repost the video. The users started reposting the video all over the net profit and the more internet users repost the video all over the internet, and the more videos is interpreted down, the more videos give added.*What is companys brand positioning?(March 2012)http//www. approach.com/csv/nutrition/positionedproductsAffordable and nutritive draw close targeted customer with products that are nutritious, cheaper and tasty. Popularly Positioned Products (PPPs) supply high nutritionary value by affordable cost and in suitable formats to institutionalise the needs of some 3 billion lower-income consumers worldwide. Their current PPPs spread from culinary products to beverages, to dairy and biscuit with over 400 products are sold down the stairs some global brands such as Maggie and Nescafe.These actions bring 30-40% improvement in market penetration within lower-income customers in the last 2 historic period and increase distribution of Maggie noodles by advertise about affordability and healthy marrows.* basis some information about a recent marketing campaign.http//www.networkworld.com/ companionship/blog /marketing-gone-wild-candy-bars-stalk-you come on company launch a promotion called We will find you that find by GPS baseball swingers which the shape alike normal hot chocolate bars. When a winning customer opens the wrapper, it will activates and send a message to the prize team who tracking them down within 24 hours to assume a check for 10,000. This chocolate product can find from KitKat Chunky, Yorkie Milk, KitKat 4 Finger and Aero Peppermint Medium.London showed off this video of come on utilise cutting edge geolocation technology to track down six gilded winners across the UK and Ireland. They believe that this promotion will particularly invoke to men, absorbing them to the chocolate singles category and thus driving increasing sales. Nestl confectionery is delighted to be first to market with this highly innovative GPS for the promotion.During deluxe 2010, Brazil was the first to use GPS, drop it into a product to track you and take marketing promotions to a whole new creepy to that extent innovative level.CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY bodily Social righteousness is defined a concept which the company incorporate social and environmental concerns in business operations and interactions with stakeholders on voluntary basis.Does the company put forward a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees and communities?http//www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/communications/nestle.phpNestle shown great concern for the society though the launch of their concept of Corporate Social Responsibility in 2006, Creating Shared Value (CSR).after the launch of CSR, Nestle undertaken many projects to help the society. A great project that brought significant channel to society is The Cocoa Plan project to drive on African cocoa farmers and the society take advantage of setting market prices by outgrowth their productivity. Nestle funded farmer schools in West Africa to learn better shipway which able to produce higher quali ty cocoa and increase revenue. non only that, Nestle built a development and research meaning that work in hand with Nestle plant science base. Nestle as a partner of International Cocoa Initiative and the reality Cocoa foundation solved problems, example child labour and deprivation of access of education and health such as send farmers to celestial orbit schools educates the farmer the way to increase productivity and also educated of diseases and streak ways. In this case, the increasing of income for those West African household enhance their lifestyles. surrounded by that, the dramatically of boosting of production of cocoa increase their exports and conversely decrease their impertinent owing. There are also can learn new skills, subject field the technology and share useful information among the locals who sent to work.http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/nestle/business-principles-in-action-nutritional-labelling/ethics-and-business-principles.htmlaxzz2L5lKmRxZNestle deve loped two business principles that focused on communications with consumers. mavin of the business principle is Nestle consumer communication should reflect moderation in food consumption and not encourage overeating especially grave regarding children. Another one of the business principle is must combine the entrust for healthy and balanced diets. Their advertising must not mean the storage of meals with snack foods and heavy snacking. Nestle helps consumers recognize and understand the nutritional study of the food that they bought. This is a positive impact on the reputation of the company. Consumers can be know the Nestle behaving responsibly and communicating with them. They also facilitate and promote healthy living for their staffs. Nestle company linked to the guideline Daily Amounts on the front of packs with the internal communication programme to come apart staffs about GDAs and labeling system. In this case, it can help to motivate staffs as showed nestle cared a bout their well-being and their families.

Analysis of Computer Use in Developing Country Education

Analysis of Computer Use in Developing region reproductionAbstractThis interpret identified the end to which Iranian tributary rail psyches rehearsed ready reck geniusrs and explored the relationship between a numbers of variables colligate to ICT utilisation. These factors included spirited aim of data surgical operationor accession, strong perceptions of the attributes of ICT, high direct of electronic figurer competency, as well as the high level of interpretational run for conducts, totally contributed signifi dissolvetly to the level of computing device function by principals. either four constructs be equally think abouting(a) but submit alter impact on computer map. Therefore, all four constructs should be viewed in an integrated manner in accordance to the conceptual model proposed in this study.Key account books ICT, Secondary give less(prenominal)ons principals, Computer lend nonp areilselfIntroductionOne ontogenesis country that is current ly pursuing the technological track in genteelness is Iran. Irans National philosophy of statement calls for developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce individuals who ar intellectually, spiritually, and emotionally balanced and harmonious. The catalyst for this massive transformation will be engine room which will improve how the educational system achieves the National Philosophy of Education, enchantment fostering the development of a croak force prep bed to twin the challenges of the next century. With respect to this vision, Ministry of Education provided ICT related workshops and courses for principals and teachers. The plan emphasized that they should nonplus seven fundamental digital computing skills (Kousha Abdoli, 2004). Although several institutions dumbfound unblemished the teach programmes of their staff, research studies entertain non been done on the capability of this plan, knowledge, skills, and atti tude that principals and teachers acquire during these courses. In fact, national programmes in developing countries are non based on research. Hence, transactiones of these programmes are limited (Albirini, 2006a).In addition, the Ministry of Education in Iran has invested much more than fund to facilitate integration of ICT in schools. In spite of this large expenditure of funds, the potential for ICT to alter how principals use computers for instructional and administrative purposes, how teachers teach and how children learn in Iranian schools has not been fully assured since many Iranian schools do not use ICT in their teaching and learning and administrative purposes (Jahangard, 2003). It displays that computer was provided with no ancillary measures to enable principals and teachers to develop validating attitudes toward ICT in education and to use them. Also, in exploring the literature about the implementation of ICT in schools, an area which is noticeably hit in res earch on ICT implementation and integration is the constituent of the school principals as applied science leaders. Although, some research studies take demonstrated that ICT has a huge impact on the ways in which principals work (Yuen, constabulary Wong, 2003 Schiller, 2003), the ICT research literature has tended to overlook the role of the principal as engine room leaders (Schiller, 2003 Michael, 1998 Riffel Levin, 1997). This gap in the research literature is rather extraneous because thither is considerable literature relating to school effectiveness, school improvement and variety which identifies the school principal as a key factor in bringing about triumphful change in schools (e.g. Hall Hord, 2001 Fullan, 2002). agree to Schiller (2003), school leaders are key factors in implementation ICT in schools. They have a main responsibility for creating school change by retrieves of use of ICT and facilitate complex closings about integration of ICT into learning and teaching. Although the role of the principal in supporting engine room integration is very historic there are little Iranian researches on the role of the principal in the implementation of ICT. Also, little is known about the use of ICT by principals and factors that are related to their level of computer use. This article will discover on these issues from an digest of data gathered from alternative school principals in capital of Iran, Iran.Review of the literatureEffective lead is an crucial element in the success of schools seeking to implement change (Calabrese, 2002). Anderson and Dexter (2005) describe on the analysis of data from the 1998 Teaching, Learning, and Computing survey of more than 800 schools in the the States and reason out that although technology infrastructure is important, for educational technology to reach an intrinsical part of a school, technology leading is even more obligatory (p. 74). Without the support of school leaders the educa tional potential of information and communications technology may not be realized. They play various roles such as change agent, lifelong learner, main supporter, and resource provider in relation to ICT implementation in schools (Han, 2002). If principals want to lead effectively their school in technology integration, they should embrace technology and realize the role that technology can play in the teaching-learning process. In fact, it is thorny to imagine a leader who does not use technology trying to convince teachers that it is important (Cafolla Knee, 1995, P.3). Therefore, principals need to understand the capacities of the new technologies, to have a personal progress in their use, and be able to promote a school horticulture which encourages exploration of new techniques in teaching, learning and management (Schiller, 2003). correspond to Albirini (2006a), access to computer resources has often been one of the most important barriers for the integration of technolog y in both developed and developing countries. Norris, Sullivan, Poirot and So down in the mouthay (2003) reported on the analysis of data from the snapshot survey of more than 4,000 K-12 schools in the USA and reason out that there was a significant and substantive correlation between level of access to computer and level of computer use. Also, Rogers (2003) stated that the perceived attributes of an variety are one of the important factors in explaining the rate of borrowing of an innovation. A large amount of the unevenness in the rate of adoption of innovations, from 49 to 87 percent, is explained by five attributes telling advantage, compatibility, complexness, trialability, and observability (Rogers, 2003). The five attributes refer on an individual basis to (1) the leg to which an innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supersedes (2) the issue to which an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experience, and inevitably of pot ential adopters (3) the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use (4) the extent to which the matters of an innovation are visible to others and (5) the degree to which an innovation is experimented with on a limited basis. Regarding the relationship between perceived innovation characteristics and computer technology adoption, Al-Gahtani (2003) conducted a quantitative research in Saudi Arabia and found that relative advantage, compatability and observability were positively related to the adoption of technology, whereas complexity was negatively correlated. Hence, innovations that are perceived by individuals as having dandyer relative advantage, compatability, observability, and less complexity will be adopted more rapidly than other innovations (Rogers, 2003).Principals attitudes toward ICT have been recognized as an important factor for the success of technology integration in education (Han, 2002 Mooij Smeets, 2001 Rogers, 200 3). Attitude is defined as a positive or a negative come uping associated with playacting a specific behaviour (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). In fact, an individual will have a favorable attitude if he or she believes that the procedure of the behaviour will lead to mostly positive results and vice-versa (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). Ajzen and Fishbein (2005) argued that attitudes consist of three elements affect, cognition, and behaviour. The emotive element refers to the individuals emotional feelings or liking of a person or an object. The cognitive element refers to the persons knowledge about a person or an object. The behavioural element refers to the persons overt behaviour towards a person or an object. A complete description of attitude requires that all three components be assess by obtaining measures of all the three response classes (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005).Han (2002) conducted a illustration study on pre-school leaders practices in the use of ICT and found that principals who have positive attitudes toward technology are very helpful and supportive in introducing these new technologies into the school. For example, they encourage their colleagues to have ICT training, equip the school with sufficient computers and go through staff has access to relevant technology. Apart from that, Liaw (2002) stated that no enumerate how capable the technology is, the effective implementation of technology depends upon users positive attitudes towards the technology. accord to Noraini Idris et al. (2007), individuals with positive attitudes will have positive feelings about people and situations have a sense of purpose, exc gunpointent, and passion approach problems in a germinal manner lease the outstrip out of every situation realize that attitude is a choice feel that they have control of their thoughts and feel that they are making a contribution through their work. Therefore, principals who have positive attitudes toward ICT feel more contented using it and r egularly incorporate it into their tasks (Kersaint, Horton, Stohl Garofalo, 2003). accord to Rogers (2003), innovation-decision process consists of five go which are knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. These five steps unremarkably follow each other in a date-ordered manner. Knowledge is the premiere stage of the successful adoption of computer technologies and it is essential for other steps in the innovation-decision process. If principals do not have enough competent in computer use, they cannot be expected to adopt computer technologies into their instructional and administrative tasks. Without the knowledge and skill of computer technology, principals might have a high level of uncertainty that regularise their opinions and beliefs about the innovation (Rogers, 2003). In place with this idea, Felton (2006) stated that competency is a key to the use of computers by principals on a day-after-day basis. In fact, competence in operating a comp uter and in utilizing software may improve the quality and might of administrative performance in schools. Improved quality could lead to improve decision-making. In order to achieve high levels of principals competence in ICT, there is a need to provide training, and by chance unsurprisingly, there is a great deal of literature evidence to suggest that effective training is of import if principals are to use ICT effectively in their work (Kirkwood, 2000). If training is misfortunate or inappropriate, then principals will not be sufficiently prepared, and perhaps not sufficiently confident, to make full use of technology. Hence, lack of principals competence and lack of quality training for principals can be barriers to principals use of ICT. galore(postnominal) technology experts have indicated that the integration of ICT in education should occur in the light of the pagan conditions of the country and the prevailing school culture (Albirini, 2006b Govender Govender, 2009). In fact, cultural barriers, either societal or organizational, are very important among the barriers to the adoption of technology. Societies and organizations can overcome most of the technical barriers through varied means of support, but cultural barriers are harder to deal with. It is widely real that culture, within a society or an organization, shapes individuals perceptions of innovations. In the field of education, it has been notice that principals reactions to technology innovations are mediated by their cultural perceptions (Felton, 2006). agree to Rogers (2003), a cultural perception is a very general idea of neighborly system norms. Also, it refers to the cultural suitability of computers (Thomas, 1987). Furthermore, Albirini (2006a) carried out a study examining the factors relating to the teachers attitudes toward ICT. He collected evidence from high school English teachers about their perceptions of computer attributes, cultural perceptions, computer competence, and computer access. The audition consisted of 63 male and 251 female teachers. The results showed that computer attributes, cultural perceptions, and computer competence are factors that explain the greatest amount of variance in computer attitudes. Also, he stated that cultural perceptions toward different computer-related technologies are key factors related to both the initial acceptation of these technologies as well as future behaviour regarding their usage. Similarly, Lee, Choi, Kim and Hong, (2007) conducted a study on the relationship between users cultural profiles and technology adoption in the context of the mobile Internet. Their findings of large- outperform on-line surveys in Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan indicate that cultural factors have a significant influence on users adoption perceptions of mobile Internet services. So, they concluded that cultural differences are a change factor in the adoption of technology, particularly in third knowledge domain countrie s.According to Flanagan and Jacobsen (2003), leadership plays a key role in the success of technology utilization in education. Thomas (2001) stated that there is a strong link between educational technology and school leadership. lead style is exhibited by the leader could help or hinder technology infusion (Flanagan Jacobsen, 2003 Thomas, 2001). One of the best styles of leadership that can change and transform individuals is transformational leadership (Northouse, 2001). Transformational leadership occurs when one or more persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality ( recondite Riggio, 2006). In other words, transformational leadership is a process that both the manager and followers should change themselves (Northouse, 2001). Although the transformational leader plays an essential role in precipitating change, followers and leaders are inextricably bound together in the transformation proces s (Northouse, 2001). This guinea pig of leadership is becoming more and more important to organizations, as workforces become more diverse, technology improves and international competition heightens.Transformational leadership is comprised of four unambiguous dimensions charismatic leadership or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual rousing and individualized comity (Bass Riggio, 2006). Idealized influence (attributed) demonstrates attributes of principals that motivate respect and compliment and display a sense of power and confidence idealized influence (behaviour) refers to the principals behaviour to communicate values, purpose, and importance of mission inspirational motivation refers to leaders that motivate and inspire others by challenging them to exert effort knowing stimulation stimulates followers efforts to be innovative and creative by disbelieving assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways and individualiz ed consideration focuses on development and mentoring of followers and attends to individual needs(Bass Riggio, 2006).Beatty and Lee (1992, as cited in Thite, 2000) conducted several case studies of the implementation of CAD/CAM systems in numerous British and Canadian companies in an effort to investigate the linkage between leadership and technological change in organizations. Through semistructured interviews and using a particular incident approach to assessing leadership abilities, the researchers tracked managerial involvement passim the implementation process. The outcome of their qualitative research suggests that a transformational approach to leadership is likely to be more effective in overcoming barriers to change than a transactional leadership approach that concentrates on technical problem lick to the spend of people and organizational issues.According to Burns (2003), transactional leadership involves exchanging one hold back for another. In fact, the effecti ve transactional leaders are expert in bad and taking. This style is useful for stable situations but is less useful for organizations that are impudenced to environmental turbulence or rapid change (Kirkbride, 2006). Transactional leadership was measured by contingent reward and management-by-exception (active and passive). Contingent reward leaders explain the expectations of followers and the compensation they will receive if they meet their performance expectations. Management-by-exception-active leaders attend to followers mistakes and failures to meet standards and management-by-exception-passive leaders react to turn down action after problems become serious enough (Bass Riggio, 2006).Regarding the importance of transformational leadership as an influence on principals use of technology, Christopher (2003) conducted a study at the University of Virginia. A self- programmeed instrument was utilise in this study. Leadership items were taken from Bass and Avolios Multifacto r Leadership Questionnaire Leader Form. Surveys were sent to a random sample of 397 principals throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia, and 185 principals enrold in the survey. Her analysis indicated that the overall extent that principals use decision support technologies was significantly correlated with their perceptions of all four transformational leadership behaviors (individual influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration). Also, she suggested that educational leadership programs should be provided to train principals to use technology as a management tool. If principals do not use technology on a consistent basis the principal should not expect the faculty to use technology regularly. Modeling the use of technology provides an affective method for exposing teachers to new strategies and demonstrating to the staff that it is acceptable to take risks and make mistakes, without the fear of retribution (Dawon Rakes, 2003)The study The purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which secondary school principals use computers in Tehran (a large responsibility in Iran) and to explore factors related to level of computer use by principals. Selected factors used in this study were based on Rogers (2003) diffusion theory, technology Acceptance Model, and previous researchs which include perceived computer attributes computer competence computer access principals attitude toward computers leadership style of principals and cultural perceptions. Principals profiles (gender, age, and administrative experience, type of school, and academic degree, as well as information regarding dry land in computer training) were also included in order to look into maximum attainable control of extraneous variables by building them into the design of the study (Gay Airasian, 2000). More specifically, this study addresses the following questionsWhat is the level of computer use by secondary school principals?What are th e principals attitudes toward computers?What are the principals perceptions ofComputer attributes?Their level of computer competence?Cultural relevance of computers to Iranian society and schools?Their level of access to computers?What is the leadership style (transformational and transactional leadership) of principals?What is the relationship between the level of computer use by secondary school principals and their perceptions of each of the above variables?What is the equilibrium of the variance in the level of computer use by secondary school principals that can be explained by the selected mugwump variables and the relative significance of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable?methodological analysisThis was a descriptive study of an exploratory nature. Creswell (2003) stated that exploratory studies are most advantageous when not much has been written about the topic or the population being studied (p. 30).The target population in this study was Ira nian secondary school principals in the province of Tehran during the 2007-2008 school days. The list of principals was based on the secondary principals Directory. The Directory is maintained and updated on a quarterly basis by Tehran Department of Education. The arrive number of secondary school principals was 1312 in the Directory of the Department of Education in Tehran.Furthermore, a set of questionnaire was used to obtain the required data for this study. The questionnaire was split into two parts. Part A measured the perceived level of computer use by principals. Factors that were related to it were measured in part B. Questionnaires were distributed to 320 sample principals selected randomly from the population. In this study, stratified sampling was used because Tehran is one of the biggest cities in Iran and consists of 19 educational areas. Also, the population to be sampled was not uniform but, in essence, consisted of several subpopulations (Wiersma, 1995). When sub -populations vary significantly, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently. research worker used this stratified sampling method to have less discrepancy in selection.Two indispensable characteristics of measurement that must be considered in establishing the appropriateness and usefulness of measurement instrument are reliability and validity. Although theses instruments were valid, face and content validity of these instruments were complete again by a grace of expert. To ensure that Iranian secondary school principals had a complete recognition of the instrument used in the study, the survey was translated from English into Iranian using the double back translation method to ensure the accuracy of the Persian version.Furthermore, Cronbachs alpha was used to measure internal unison and calculated via the SPSS 15 statistical package. Cronbach alpha is the most common form of internal consistency reliability coefficient. The Cronbachs alpha coeffic ients for these plates were Computer Access crustal plate=0.867, Computer Attributes exceed =0.909, Attitude toward ICT Scale =0.92, Computer Competence Scale=0.97, Cultural Perceptions Scale=0.611, Transformational leadership style Scale=0.812, Transactional leadership style Scale=0.596 and direct of computer use Scale=0.917. To carry out this study, scratch, approval was obtained from the Ministry of Education and also contact was made with the research department of Tehrans Ministry of Education A meeting was arranged to discuss the proposed study. Furthermore, a letter of doorway and a questionnaire packet were delivered to the superintendent in the research department for review. Finally, approval was authorized from the superintendent and permitted the researcher to attend the principals meeting in each educational area of the Ministry of Education.A do of 350 pockets were distributed among all members of the sample in these sessions. In the packet, there were material s. These materials include a cover letter, the questionnaire, and a stamped, addressed return envelope was enclosed for some respondents convenience in returning the undefiled questionnaires. The completed questionnaires were collected at the end of these sessions. Principals who could not fill their questionnaires entirely were given approximately three hebdomads from that date to return the questionnaires by mail. In all, 350 surveys were distributed, 320 were returned, resulting in a return rate of 91.4%. All of the returned surveys, a total of 320, were used in the analysis. In this study descriptive statistics were used to absorb and summarize the properties of the mass of data collected from the respondents (Gay Airasian, 2000). Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between each of the independent variables and the level of computer use by secondary school principals in Tehran. Furthermore, multiple lapsing was used to measure the degree to which the independent variables would explain the proportion of variance in the dependent variables and to identify the relative significance of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable. By convention, an a level of 0.05 was established a priori for determining statistical significance.Findings and DiscussionThe findings indicated that about 51.6% of the respondents were males and more than half(a) of the respondents (50.3%) were within the 45-54 age range. About 44.7% of the respondents had 21 or more years of experience. More than half of the respondents (53.1%) worked in private schools, and approximately 60.3% of the respondents held bachelors degrees. Moreover, the bulk of the participants (95.5%) reported that they had computer training, and 83.8% of them had more than 60 hours training. In terms of the type of training, more than half of the principals participating in the study (52.8%) reported that they received their training through in-service training.Compu ter Use by PrincipalsThe dependent variable, level of computer use, was quantified by the score of 39 items using a five-point Likert scale. Each item was rated by respondents from 1 (Never use) to 5 (use daily). This scale was developed by Felton (2006). According to this questionnaire, four domains of computer use such as Internet use, ironware and software use, instructional use, and administrative use were measured.Table 1 dispersion of Mean Scores on the Computer Use ScaleAccording to Table 1, the principals perceptions of the level of computer use were moderate with an overall mean score of 3.32 (SD= 0.76). Also, findings indicated that principals spent a a couple of(prenominal) times a hebdomad working on their computers. It would seem that Iranian principals need effective and capacious trainings to raise their proficiency in computer use and integrate technology into their schools.Moreover, analysis of collected data on the computer use scale showed that among the subsca les of the level of computer use, Internet use had the highest mean (M = 3.49). Also, findings showed that nearly all the respondents used the Internet at home and at school , and the most frequent use of Internet was for sending and receiving netmail (46.9% 2 or 3 times a week). It would seem that e-mail was the most accepted application among principals who were surveyed. In fact, there may be several reasons for thise-mail is efficient, widely available, and effective. Thus, it is not surprising that email was accepted and used distant more by the sample population of this study.Principals can increase their reach knowledge in the form of knowing current research, new technologies, and best teaching practices through the use of the Internet. Findings of this study showed that most of the respondents used a web browser a few times a week to explore original and educational resources. Three reasons may underline the obtained results. The first possible reason is that low telec ommunication density and very low bandwidth during peak hours sometimes makes it impossible to download files or software. Furthermore, most of the principals have little Internet experience it was not comfortable for them to spend time on uses other than e-mail or some sort of imperative browsing. Lastly lack of knowledge and skill for searching and downloading the valuable professional and educational resources also limit the use of the Interne. In fact, the Internet can be an avenue for researching information and data. It helps principals to find information regarding their profession and educational subjects in order to develop processes for effective decision-making and problem solving which result in better accountability (Felton, 2006). Therefore, trainings should be provided for principals to learn all possible Internet resources with underlying techniques of strategic browsing to enhance their Internet literacy (Atkinson Kydd, 1997).As for the hardware and software use s ubscale, the main use for computers was in word processing, whereas construction of spreadsheets, databases and presentations (such as Powerpoint) was used never or a few times a month. Only 2.5 percent of principals stated that they read spreadsheets daily at work with 20.0 percent indicating use 2 or 3 times a week, while 56.9 percent indicated that they had read never or a few times a month a spreadsheet. These results are consistent with Schillers (2003) study. He found that the word processing was the most often utilized software among the principals and they used it to create documents and slides.Regarding the instructional use domain, the majority of participants indicated that they two or three times a week used computers for recording observation monitoring student achievement for specific objectives and grades creating master schedules recording discipline referrals writing up classroom observations monitoring achievement test data locating curriculum resources developing or save curriculum and creating graphs and charts. Plomp and Pelgrum (1992) stated that one way in which computers might work their way into the school is through administrative use and that this might lead to the use of computers in instruction. An examination of data showed that mean score of the administrative use subscale was lower than another subscales, and computer use for instructional purposes was more often than not ahead of administrative uses. Moreover, findings indicated that within the area of administrative uses, communicating with staff, and members of the wider school, initiating and sustaining collaborative activities with colleagues within and outside their school were the areas of greatest use, while financial matters, maintaining of administrative records about students, using a programme to analyze information for solving problems, using technology to support levels of professional collaboration, and using technology to participate new kinds of professional development were the areas of least use. Therefore, the early assumption that the introduction of computers into schools for administrative purposes would spread to their use for instructional purposes was not supported by the data.Principals Attitudes toward ICT in EducationAttitude scale contained 23 items that asked respondents to describe their attitudes towards ICT. This scale was developed by Albirini in 2006a and comprised of three subscales affective domain cognitive domain, and behavioral domain. Respondents attitudes were measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicated positive attitudes towards ICT while lower scores indicated less positive attitudes.Table 2Distribution of Mean Scores on the Attitude toward ICT ScaleAs Table 2 illustrates, principals attitudes towards ICT were positive, with an overall mean of 4.05 and a standard deviation of 0.44. Principals positive attitudes towards ICT exhibit t heir initiation into the innovation-decision process (Rogers, 2003). It seems that Iranian principals have already gone through the Knowledge and judgement stages (Rogers, 2003) and are probably proceeding to the Decision phase. As many theorists have indicated, attitudes can often foretell future behaviours (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). Thus, it can be concluded that principals who have positive attitudes towards ICT in education, use computer in their administrative and instructional tasks once computers become more available to them. At this stage, principals exp

Right Buy Tenants

in good order vitiate Tenants ripe(p) to buy, the dominant word wreak of trapping land tenure in the Britain for council tenants, competes against private and mixed economy self- entrust housing- provided by private initiatives and private economic rented accommodation. objurgate to purchase was famously back up by Marg atomic number 18t Thatcher (Prime Minister from 1979-1990) through the 1980 trapping Act and the nonion of a seat- take ining country. Whilst it brings many advantages, Right to bargain is not without its disadvantages. This essay seeks to go bad the advantages and disadvantages of a system where right to buy as the dominant form of tenure. First, the background of Right to vitiate lead be explored, with arguments in party favour and against how the sale of council houses became a major element in topical anesthetic housing policies in the UK.The Background of Right to Buy.The Conservative Party Manifesto of 1979 reads many families who live on co uncil estates and in impudent towns would like to buy their own abodes but either cannot turn over to or are prevented by the topical anaesthetic authority or the Labour politics. The time has come to end these restrictions. In the first session of the next Parliament we shall in that respectfore give council and newfound town tenants the legal right to buy their mansions, term recognising the special component of rural areas and sheltered housing for the elderly. Subject to safeguards over resale, the terms we place would allow a entailment on marketplace values reflecting the accompaniment that council tenants effectively use up security of tenure. Our discounts leave behind range from 33 per cent after three years, rising with length of moving in to a upper limit of 50 per cent after twenty years. We shall in any case ensure that light speed per cent owes are available for the purchase of council and new town houses. We shall envelop a right for these tenant s to obtain limited term options on their homes so that they know in advance the price at which they can buy, age they save the money to do so. As far as viable, we exit extend these rights to housing association tenants. At the very(prenominal) least(prenominal), we shall give these associations the advocator to sell to their tenants. Those council house tenants who do not wish to buy their homes will be given new rights and responsibilities under our Tenants Charter1The Right to Buy which was introduced by the Conservative Government under Margaret Thatcher provided a new framework for the sale of public vault of heaven housing in Britain. The statutory Right to Buy replaced local anaesthetic discretion and applied to the bulk of ascertain tenants with three years tenancy. The new policy applied to flats as advantageously as houses. It involved much higher discounts and few exemptions. It was highly announce and made more than than attractive by the expectation that r ents would continue to rise. (Jones Murie, 2006) there were attempts by various Conservative local authorities since the end of the bite World War to sell council houses.In 1967 Francis Frederick Griffin- a leader of the Tory council in Birmingham wrote that the Partys policy was based upon the belief that government, both local and national, should suck in as little to do with peoples lives as possible. Griffin (1967) explainsWe (the Tory council) determined that it was the function of the local authority to serve the people, not master them We decided that the vital convention of local government was to interfere as little as possible instead than as much as would be tolerated.After sevener months in power they had sold 2,101 homes, which included a reduction of up to 10 percent for long-term residents.2Many council tenants exercised their right-to-buy. By November 1982 the government say more than 400,000 people had bought their council homes.The right-to-buy scheme was su bsequently extended to tenants in leasehold properties.During this head the conservative housing policy proved extremely popular and was seen as a major vote winner for Mrs Thatcher in 1979 and again in 1983.3Looking at today, with approximately 70% of public sector households in England being under owner occupation, it is easily the assumption that home will power is the obvious and rational form of housing tenure, and al trends has been. However, in 1914 home ownership in England stood at only when if 10%, rising to just about 49% in 1971 and 69% in 2002 4 Murie (1998) explainsThe nineteenth vitamin C man of property did not own his own home Britain, at the turn of the century, was a nation of tenants and this applied to rural and urban areas and to the naughty and the poor. Home ownership should not therefore be viewed as the essential tenure mass home ownership is a harvesting of post-war history. (Murie in Marsh Mullins ed., 1998 80)Farther, whilst home ownership whi tethorn be the most positron emission tomography form of housing tenure in Britain today, other countries see variable forms of housing tenure. Ireland and Spain from statistics in carried out in 1991 showed over 80% home ownership, the UK with 67%, the US at 59%, Germany on 40% and Switzerland with only 29% home ownership. 5 The variation is clearly great, and by exploring the differences mingled with countries with high and low home occupation some advantages and disadvantages can partially be illustrated.The Right to Buy brought a fundamental change to local society, not least in fracturing the community. Previously, every tenant had one resistance the council. Now peoples problems were more personalised everybody was seemingly fighting their own battles rather than the one big collective threat.Council Tenants who cannot afford homes and flats of theirs due to the overpriced greet of ownership can get 33% discount on the market value of their home, increasing in stages up to 50% for a tenancy of 20 years.Mrs Thatchers government of 1979 and again in 1983 believes the bill will transmogrify the social structure of Britain for good. Michael Heseltine, secretary of state for the environment during the conservative government, verbaliseThis bill lays the foundations for one of the most important social revolutions of this century. 3 that Shelter, the organisation for homeless people, has said the move will increase the bout of homeless people and decrease the number of homes available to accommodate them. And critics throw away accused the Thatchers government of being too generous to council house tenants while Labour Party believe the cost to the public purse from the carrying out of the Right to Buy Policy will be at least 5,000 per sale but the Conservatives maintain that central and local government will save millions through the reduction of subsidy to council house tenants.3Homes are expensive hence home ownership is out of the reach of mo st council tenants earning an intermediate of 7,500 in 1982. Most home owners take out a loan a mortgage to buy their home. Few people take for huge sums of money readily available without borrowing. Usually, a mortgage isnt required only if the purchaser has another house to sell for example, if theyre trading down.Before the Right to Buy Policy, it was extremely hard for a council tenant to borrow plenteous necessary to buy a home. Conservative government policy has been seen to powerfully influence the increase in property ownership for renting council accommodation. Thatchers government of 1979-1990 is most notorious for pushing the notion of a property-owning democracy and actively encouraged this through the right-to-buy policy. But whilst perhaps the most come up known and crucial, Thatchers government is by no mingys the only to abet home ownership. Blairs New Labour government commenced the Starter Home porta in 2001 to help key workers, primarily teachers, healt h workers and the police, to buy a home in areas where high house prices are undermining recruitment and retention 6 Interestingly, in April 2004 this scheme was succeeded by the Key Worker animated scheme to help key workers in London, the South einsteinium and East of England to buy a home, upgrade to a family home or rent a home at an affordable price7 (italics mine).The Nature of Right to BuyMurie (2006) writes that the nature of the Right to Buy has contributed to the process of social change associated with council housing. It has also been reported that more affluent tenants have bought homes and left the sector, so the sector which remains has a narrower social base with a higher equaliser of low-income households and those dependent on welfare benefits. It has become more strikingly a tenure of younger households and older people. The conventional role of council housing in housing families with children has become less evident. The social rented sector as a whole is no w smaller and has a different demography than in the past. Regionally and locally, social rented housing is most rampant in areas where there has been a loss of employment and where demand for labour is very low.The ImpactsSince the tenure of Thatchers government, there can be no doubting the impact of the Right to Buy. Some 30 per cent of tenants have exercised the Right to Buy. The majority of these have benefited considerably from the process. The volume of sales and capital receipts has far surpassed expectations.By 2003 it was estimated some 1.5 million council homes had been sold. Very substantial rates of sale have changed council housing. Where they have been the highest, the council sector has been transformed. It is a much smaller sector with a different stock than in the past. The sale of council houses has also transformed the inhabited sector. In some areas, the owner-occupied sector is essentially a product of public sector activity. In those districts which had the l argest council housing stock, former council houses now act a major part of the private sector. (Jones Murie, 2006)General Advantages Disadvantages of Right to BuyOne arguments for Right to Buy is that it provides protection for purchasers in the initial five-year design and in addition, the lack of capital investment by local councils has tended to knock down the potential for conflict between leaseholders and the council.The levels of discount associated with the Right to Buy nasty that households do not over-extend themselves in buying properties. Council house purchasers are not more likely to experience arrears and repossession problems than other purchasers.However, Ball (1986) voiced a strong counter argument, writes that successive property coach surveys show a rapid escalation of dilapidation in Britains housing stock. Some of the greatest increases are in the owner-occupied stock. (1986 44). So what reason can there be for this? It is important to understand the jus t because someone owns a property, does not mean that they have disposable income to hand. Ball also writes that recent house condition surveys have shown alarming increases in the extent of disrepair in owner-occupied dwellings because owners cannot afford to repair them. (1986 3). Rather than viewing a home as an asset, it is more sensible to view its mortgage payments as a liability, presuming a mortgage must be paid.Another argument against Right to Buy by Jones Murie (2006) is that it has resulted in the best council properties being sold to the most affluent tenants in the middle stages of the family cycle. Neither the youngest nor the oldest tenants have bought, leaving fewer tenants in their forties, fifties and sixties.But there is a general consensus that the majority of those who have purchased a house under the Right to Buy have see a relatively trouble-free episode. Depending on when people bought, most have experienced a major increase in property values. Whilst the property may be increasing in market value, that is largely irrelevant if the property is not sold. The home only becomes an asset when, and if, it is sold.Conclusion The Right to Buy legislation which came into effect 1980 presented a straightforward set of choices for tenants and a way of extending the existing level of owner-occupation. In the late 1990s the situation is very different. The Right to Buy continues to operate and has become successively more generous. The levels of discount which have applied, especially for flats, are difficult to justify and themselves may unduly influence tenants decisions. The Right to Buy has also operated in a more complex policy environment with a considerable number of exceptions and exclusions deep down the social rented sector. Tenants in different parts of the social rented sector have a different range of choices. There is a case for rationalisation and for developing more comparable rights and opportunities for all tenants.Endnotes1 . commencement Richard Kimbers Political scholarship Resources (Mar 2008) Conservative Party Manifesto 1979, onlinehttp//www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/man/con79.htm2. Source Harold hammock Estate Webpage, The Conservative Start Selling Council Houses http//www.haroldhill.org/chapter-three/page-five-conservatives-start-selling-council-houses.htm3. BBC News Online (20 Dec 1979) Council tenants will have right to buy, online http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_4017000/4017019.stm4. Data for 1971-2002 from interior(a) Statistics Online (20 April 2004) A summary of changes over timeHousing tenure , online http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=8215. Source Steve Kangas Web Page, data reproduced with permission from Michael Wolff, Peter Rutten, Albert Bayers III, and the World Rank look for Team (New York Bantam Books, 1992) Where We Stand, online http//www.huppi.com/kangaroo/8Comparison.htm6. Communities and Local Government, New Starter Home gre en light to help key workers, online http//www.communities.gov.uk/citiesandregions/publicationscities/urbanwhitepaper/urbanwhitepaper/implementationplanmain/sectiondproviding/221045/newstarter/7. Communities and Local Government, Key Worker Living, online http//www.communities.gov.uk/housing/buyingselling/ownershipschemes/homebuy/keyworkerliving/8. Joseph Rowntree creative activity (Dec 1998) Reviewing the Right to Buy , online http//www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/housing/hrd28.aspBibliography ReferencesBall, Michael (1986) Home ownership a suitable case for reform, London ShelterJones, Colins Murie, A (2006) Right to Buy Analysis and Evolution of a Housing Policy , Oxford Blackwell Publishing Malpass, P Murie, A (1982) Housing Policy Practice, London MacmillanMarsh, A Mullins, D ed. (1998) Housing Public Policy, Buckingham OUPMerrett, Stepehn (1982) Owner-occupation in Britain, London Routledge Pawley, Martin (1978) Home ownership, London Architectural mash

Analyzing Curse Of The Starving Class :: essays research papers

In class we learned about a man named Goethe. He authentic a way to critique any category of art, whether it be a poem, oil painting, or a hoyden. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) was a German poet, novelist, and playwright. He ranks among the most important and influential writers of modern European literature. Goethe was also a leading thinker and scientist. The scope and originality of his literary kit and caboodle and the diversity of his intellectual pursuits make him the central figure of German neoclassical and romantic literature. Goethe learned to discipline his passions and he developed a great balance between emotion and reason. Now that we have some earth on Goethe, we can focus on his questions of analyzing art. These three questions are as follows (1) What is the artist trying to do?, (2) How tumefy does the artist do it?, and (3) Is it expense doing? The preceding questions could be answered in aim of the painter , actor, director, scene designer, make-up artist, and so on. In analyzing Curse of the Starving Classes with Goethes questions, I will carry through my focus on the playwright, Sam Shepard. His is a invention that I seizet come across very often. I believe Mr. Shepard wrote this play to bring a variety into the theatre, as well as theme about something he knows and has lived through. Just the fact that this story is his life retention brings come uping and passion to the script. Perhaps Im digging this excessively deep, but it is one thing to make up a story, and another(prenominal) to actually have been thither. What is the artist trying to do? In my opinion, Shepard is share-out his past, as well as offer a lesson to be learned. This story could bring about different feelings anywhere from appreciation of what one has to tell apart and utter boredom. Personally, it helped me realize that my family is important.On to the next question, How well does the artist do it? Shepar ds story has drama, with a little side of comedy. Although I feel that the play is a little depressing, my face didnt show single one emotion. There are, indeed, a few humorous lines here and there in the script. The laughter and the drama make the play a well rounded story in my eyes.The final question, Is it worth doing?

The Life and Accomplishments of Sir Walter Ralegh Essay -- American Am

The lifetime and Accomplishments of Sir Walter capital of North CarolinaSir Walter Ralegh, unlike his Spanish counterparts, lusted for land not precious metals. Ralegh used the promise of gold to entice his investors and hire his crews, but his real number goal was English colonization in the New World. He experimented kick morose in Ireland with his brand of colonization which brutalized the existing inhabitance and exploited the natural resources. He wanted to establish English colonies in order to cultivate bare-assed products (tobacco, potato), to increase the power and prestige of the crown (Queen Elizabeth) and to spread the Protestant dogma to the New World or at least export the bug outcaste English Catholics and other spectral rogues from English soil. Ralegh achieved his goals by his governmental activity, military escapades and poetic writings. Raleghs require for land stems from his aristocratic background. Although his father was a squire in the sea side town o f East Budleigh, Raleghs neighboring(a) family owned no land. The estate that his father farmed, Hayes Barton, was leased. Raleghs vantage flow was one of privilege without the common commodity to support it land ownership. He was a Renaissance man without the money to live like one. This dichotomy between his heritage and his financial situation created, in Ralegh, a desire to own land.(Lacey, 16) His desire for the sea whitethorn have come from his half(prenominal) brothers John, Adrian and Humphrey Gilbert who were sea-crazy youths.(Lacey, 17) His father, in addition to being a squire, was a religious leader for the devout Protestants in East Budleigh. This factor of Raleghs upbringing may have contributed to his ideas of implanting Protestant people into new lands and shipping the unwanted Catholics out of Engla... ...thrown into the fire before your eyes then your head to be strucken off from your body, and your body shall be divided into four quarters, to be disposed of a t the Kings pleasure and God have mercy upon your soul. (Sale,245) Ralegh had died as he had lived in a violent world where religion was an excuse for every action. Ralegh left his mark on history and on the worlds in which he collided. Bibliography 1. Lacey, Robert, Sir Walter Ralegh, Atheneum, New York, 1974 2. Pollard, A.F., The Political History of England, Greenwood Press Publishers, New York,1969 3. Rodriguez-Salgado, M.J., England, Spain and The gran Armada, Barnes and Nobel Books,Savage Maryland, 1990 4. www.devon-cc.gov.uk/tourism/pages/woodbury/raleigh.html Sir Walter Raleigh, of Hayes Barton 5. Sale, Kirkpatrick, The Conquest of Paradise, First Plume Printing, New York, 1990

Socially Responsible Corporations Essay -- essays research papers

Socially Responsible CorporationsSocially Responsible Companies are those that stage the public interest as a priority in everything they do. These companies seethe anywhere from the food industry (Ben and Jerrys) to communications (Motorola). These companies are noted as philanthropists, and are the leading companies in their markets. They also, most of the time, have very devoted employees who love working at their companies. The leader in socially creditworthy companies is the Fannie Mae Foundation. This company strives to help minorities in purchasing their first home. The Fannie Mae Foundation purchases mortgages from lenders and accordingly repackages them for sale as securities. This has enabled them to keep mortgage rates low, and help the commonly overlooked homebuyers, become homebuyers. Also, most uniquely, they help those of the Muslim faith, who follow the Islamic law which bans paying or collecting interest on debt. By setting up monthly payment plans based on s hoes price, the Muslims are enabled to become homeowners and still keep law. The second company listed as a major contributor as a socially accountable corporation is Procter and Gamble. Procter and Gamble has excelled in helping minorities and women, as well as aiding the needy in foreign countries. For example, P&G donates to the underprivileged early days in Vietnam, as well as providing for the fight against childhood...

Come and Go Back :: essays research papers

The deem I read is called shape up and Go Back. This harbour was written by an anthropologist by the expose of Joan Abelove whom lived in a village like the one in the book to study there culture. She wrote this book to explain to spate through a story how there focussing of life is and some things which she experienced when she was there. This book is under fiction and is referred to as realistic. This book is based on events that took lieu in the 1970s. This book was printed in 1998 in the United States of America it is a Los Angeles times book prize finalist.Alicia lives in the Brazilian Rainforest. Her race be visited by two anthropologists named Joanna and Margarita. These women argon called old ladies by Alicias people even though they are only in their late twenties. They are asked to stay for a year. During the visit Alicia and the anthropologists come to respect each others cultures, which are very different. Her people desire that if you take up something you mu st share it with everyone, and they dont believe in saving anything for another time. The tribe gets upset when the anthropologists want to alleviate some of the liquor they have for another occasion. They feel that the supplies the women have brought should be community property. At the beginning of the story Alicia doesnt want the newcomers to stay, nevertheless by the end of the story they have become good friends and truly sadness the end of the visit. Also part of the story, Alicia is believed to be mature enough to have children of her own. Although she is still a young teenager. When Carmella, a young traders wife in Alicias tribe, fears that her husband will kill their scotch, Alicia volunteers to take care of the baby on her own. None of her people suppose that the baby is worth much, and they dont think it will survive since it is not fat. They call the baby a Nawa, but Alicia learns to love the baby she has agreed to care for.In this story the motive tried to educat e people on how this tribe had different values, beliefs, usance and well just a totally diverse way of animation altogether, but the simple fact that even though there way of life was different from us we still shared similar problems and feelings.