Why Prada Came To China

Why Prada Came To China We divided the paper into 5 sections. The first section is something about the history of the company. The second one explains the reason of Pradas coming to China. The third one introduces the form they come to China. The fourth one is to let you know the specific form, which we know as organization structure, Prada has used to enter China. The last one is conclusion. Our groups idea is to let everyone of us have a full understanding of Prada instead of each person just knowing some pieces of it when the paper done. On this basis, we first make every group member get involved in completing the first three sections. According to this, we make specific divisions. David, the only boy in our group, takes charge of section one. You can find it in page . Lily and Elaine administer the second section. You can find it in page . Then, Joi and Candice write the third one. You can find it in page . On this condition, everyone can get a wide scan of Prada. When we have done all first three sections, we start section four together. This section is about the specific form Prada use in China. The organization structure is an important issue in this years Week of diplomacy, so every one of us needs to grab the main concept of the book we learned in October. Then, we use what we learned to see the organization structure of Prada. This part also needs to answer eig ht basic questions in chapter 10. The reason for we write section four together is the part needs knowledge in book, we want everyone can get enhanced in researching and evaluating Pradas organization structure. Take all the factors such as the equality of divided work into account; we divide the eight problems into five parts. Question one to three is done by Elaine and Lily, question four is done by Candice, question six to seven is made by David and Joi is take charge of the last two questions. The conclusion contains four questions, Candice writes the first, Lily is the second, next is Elaine and the last is David. Since we have done the first four sections together, we have made the resource public in our group. It is no different who do this part. So we divide conclusion part by draw. From now on, we will first introduce the summary of each section. In section one; you can see a brief history of Prada. Mario Prada is the founder of Prada. In 1913, he established a store selling some luxurious commodities. In 1919, the Italian royal family becomes its consumer because of its good fame. In the past so many years, the company has faced many changes. Hundreds of years later, Prada met a very challenge task. They must enlarge their range of sales to avoid being beaten in the global economy. It plays an important role in its expansion career. In section two, there is the reason of Pradas coming to China. It has been explained in section one. This part is concentrated on the details. Prada has been found exploring all over the world. In section three, we can know the form they come to China. Prada is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise company, and this is not the only option which Prada can choose. There are 3 types of investment forms which are called wholly foreign-owned enterprise, Sino-foreign Joint Venture and representative office. In section four, we can look the form in detail. We will see it below and will not have more added words here. I History of Prada Mario Prada is the founder of Prada. In 1913, he established a store selling some luxurious commodities. Fortunately, his goods sell well at the outset and he became a famous and successful businessman in Europe. In 1919, the Italian royal family becomes its consumer because of its good fame. When Miuccia Prada, the grand-daughter of Mario, met with Patricio Bertelli, an unbelievable change occurred. Patricio Bertelli was a businessman who was able to come up with creative ideas from time to time. He built up IPI spa producing Prada leather goods with the Pradas official authorization in 1977. Several years later, the two companies were combined together to pursue the greatest profit. A critical innovation happened in 1983 that the managers of Prada decided to show consumers a total new impression by blending tradition elements with modern architectural setting, which proved to be successful later and resulted in creating fresh products. After 1986, some international cities were sel ected to build chain store by Prada, such as London, Paris and Tokyo. In 1993, a new brand named MiuMiu was designed to appeal to some women who are crazy about purchasing trendy and sophisticated goods. Hundreds of years later, Prada met a very challenge task. They must enlarge their range of sales to avoid being beaten in the global economy. Sooner or later, it will happen to everyone because Chinese manufacturing is so good, Prada designer Miuccia Prada said in an interview. (Prada moves manufacturing into China, MO http://www.moluxury.com.au/themodown/?p=2012 October 25, 2012, by David) He was the first person to express ideas of expanding the company internationally on the public. His words reveal a new strategy which Prada has made. It is a time that they paid more attention to the market of Asia. Bertelli, another Prada officer, believed that with the improvement of average salary in China, more and more people will be high on some luxurious goods. Therefore, it is a wise decision to build more manufacturing factories, pulsing selling more goods in China. In fact, from the statistics in Prada Spa, we can make a conclusion that Asia, especially China, contributes to the main part of 60% of Pradas net profit in 6 months. Another March report by McKinsey Co., Bloomberg News said Chinas purchases of optional goods will jump to an annual compounded rate of 13.4 per cent between 2010 and 2020. (Prada Embarks on Ambitious Expansion Plan, Misa, http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/345225/20120524/prada-leather-china-india-brazil-morocco-istanbul.htm , October 25, 2012, by David) That also reminds the leader that China has potential development of economy and lots of Chin ese people have enough money to pay for novel goods. Although some experts estimate that the demand for luxurious commodities will fade considering there is a huge distance of salaries between the rich and the poor in China, Pradas sales are still going up. For this, Prada Spa has targeted to launch 12 to 15 new stores in China alone this year.(Prada Embarks on Ambitious Expansion Plan, Misa, http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/345225/20120524/prada-leather-china-india-brazil-morocco-istanbul.htm October 25, 2012, by David) It is good news for newly rich people in some developing cities enjoying their lives better, especially rich women. Unsurprisingly, the rate of Pradas expanding is over 50% according to some experts estimates. It states that the Pradas situation in China is fine and the leaders of Prada shouldnt miss this opportunity and make up their minds on grasping it. In addition, in 2011, to strengthen the influences in China, a fashion show named Prada RTW Spring 2011 displayin g a slightly revamped spring collection was hold in Beijing. Pradas company wants to tap further into that growing understanding. The show is part of Pradas plan to continue to expand in the region as it opens more stores in Mainland China and nearby territories. (Miuccia Prada on China, the Web-and more Amanda Kaiser http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/prada-takes-spring-summer-to-beijing-3443673?full=true October 25, 2012, by David) The stars like GongLi and Maggie Cheung also attended this fashion show. Miuccia Prada who is CEO of Prada at the present was interviewed by reporters after the end of fashion show. The main idea is that she likes China because China has changed a lot for years and this trend never fade easily. Prada will keep investing the market in China. It is necessary because the first store in China is in Hong Kong but it produces and sells foreign countries mainly. Only big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai can we purchase what we want at present. Meanwhile, the cost of employing a person is relatively cheaper than other countries. If Prada built more factories in China, they can save a lot of money to support more important producing or studying tasks which asked to supply a huge sum of money in time. Some news said that the average of salary in American is 27 times than that in China, while the span of salary of Chinese workers and American workers sounds more exaggerate, which announced that Chinese workers average salary is only 4% of American workers average salary. On the other side, more job positions will be offered if Prada built more factories in China, which is expected by most of the college students considering more and more intense competition is happened in China. Prada can also use local resources to produce more goods if it enters into China. China is a big country and has rich natural resources. If all Prada goods are imported from America, tariff will be a serious problem which Prada must be faced. We thin k the tariff in China is high and sometimes corrupt power also hinders the development of trade. To some degree, building factories in China may save some expenses. To sum up, we believe that four factors contribute to Pradas entering into Chinese market. The first is broad market, which makes sure that Prada will have enough sales channels. The second is the improvement of Chinese salary. Chinese people are able to consume luxurious goods now. The third is cost. Employing a Chinese worker cost less than employing an America worker. The fourth is local resources. Using local resources can let up expenditures. II Why PRADA came to China Prada as the symbol of luxury fashion has launched in many parts of the world. In its Asia Pacific market, the Chinese parts can not be ignored. Prada has a globalization strategy which contains opening 80 stores per year at the end of 2014, and it was doubted by some experts who said the ambitious strategy may weak the long-term value of the brand. (What Pradas IPO Says about the Bigger Picture, LUXURY SOCIETY, http://luxurysociety.com/articles/2011/06/what-pradas-ipo-says-about-the-bigger-picture, October 24, 2012, by Elaine), and coming to China is a part of its whole strategy. China is the country with the most amount of population. These years China has been developing faster and faster, and more and more Chinese who can afford luxury things has appeared. Many famous brands such as Dior, Chanel, and Levis all take China as the new area to raise their sales standards. So do the Prada. In fact, Prada develops very well in China though it has some difficulty at the beginning. Prada has made retail on the Internet and China is one of the big markets. The direct retail plays an important role in earning Pradas salary (Prada Rocks the Trend Audrey Phoon http://www.divaasia.com/article/4554 October 24, 2012, by Elaine) so it is important for Prada to make good use of the China market. But as a famous luxury brand, Prada should keep a balance between increasing supply and the desire which consumers want to buy the products. As usual, we fairy men do not want to spend so much money on just something not that useful. But when it comes to people who are rich enough and want to be different and Prada makes sense. If so many people wear or use things same as those rich people, they will loose the desire to buy the products of Prada. Prada needs to know what is the purpose of their expansion and it may do better by always recognizing what kind of people is their customers (What Pradas IPO Says about the Bigger Picture, LUXURY SOCIETY, http://luxurysociety.com/articles/2011/06/what-pradas-ipo-says-about-the-bigger-picture, October 24, 2012, by Elaine). As we say above coming to China is just a part of Pradas globalization, the brand also expands somewhere else. Unfortunately, we did not find the specific answer. However, according to the 2011 annual report, when they did the feedback on the market sales, we can see they have lots of markets such as the Asia Pacific market, the European market, the Italian market, Japan market and the American market. It is not hard to see that the brand has sold itself all over the world. And the condition of each market sales is very well so we can be sure that Pradas globalization strategy is a right choice (PRADA annual report, PRADA Group, http://www.pradagroup.com/documents/201201/E-Annual-Report.pdf Page36, October 24, 2012, by Elaine) Prada is an Italian brand. As a result, there are many obstacles for Prada to come to China. There are many differences between Italy and China, including governments, business practice and customs and personal differences. Firstly, there are many differences in governments between Italy and China. For an example, the taxes of Italy are different from Hong Kong, China. In Italy, the investors are asked to pay the tax called Italian capital gains tax. On this condition, if you make profits from selling your shares, you should pay the tax at a level of 27 percentages. It is as the same as the income tax in the rate they should hand in. However, in Hong Kong, China, it is quite different. As usual, the investors in Hong Kong who are involved in IPOs dont need to pay this kind of tax. (What Pradas IPO Says about the Bigger Picture, LUXURY SOCIETY, http://luxurysociety.com/articles/2011/06/what-pradas-ipo-says-about-the-bigger-picture , October 25, 2012, by Lily) Secondly, there are many differences in business practice and customs. Their culture is different. With the time passing by, the consumers in China are more nitpick about the luxury brands. In the past, they want to show their strengths, status, and their financial conditions through their clothes. They prefer to brands instead of quality, design and so on. However, this condition has changed. Now, the consumers have a taste which is detailed with high quality and perfect design. This condition make Prada attract more people in China. (China luxury battles shifting tastes, Emily Jane Fox, http://money.cnn.com/2012/10/03/news/world/china-luxury/index.html?source=yahoo_quote, October 25, 2012, by Lily) In an interview, the founder of Prada, Miuccia Prada, says that there are many barriers to resolve such as cultural differences. From her opinion, the world has become a global village. So the fashion should adapt the village with different religious, costumes and something else. Prior to this, it images the spirit of a small group. It means that they dont need to produce peculiar products for peculiar markets. However, they should adapt the worlds trends which is becoming bigger and bigger. She thinks it is a big challenge. Feminists have mixed feelings with love and hate. Feminists want to find facility about the standards of beauty and Womens externalization. In USA, feminism is not a widely used word any longer, which results from the liberation of women. Miuccia Prada says that it has a long way to go. However, in China, the womens rights are still a concerned problem. Because a large amount of women are devoting themselves into their work and their buying power is associated wi th their social power. (Prada and Chinese Feminists, PALM BEACH Woman TM Magazine, http://www.palmbeachwoman.com/business/prada-and-chinese-feminists/, October 29, 2012, by Lily) Thirdly, there were some personal differences within the company in deciding that China was a good market for Prada. In a report, the news agency declared that the choice of Hong Kong for Prada as a listing site triggered controversy in Italy. However, Miuccia Prada told people that the controversy has been solved and it was an easy decision because of Chinas association as a big economy and its large demands on luxury products. (What Pradas IPO Says about the Bigger Picture, LUXURY SOCIETY, http://luxurysociety.com/articles/2011/06/what-pradas-ipo-says-about-the-bigger-picture#4525 , October 25, 2012, by Lily) III The form they come to China Italian brand Prada which was famous at the beginning for its shoes and handbag is one of the leaders among the luxury companies. The products of Prada such as bags, clothes and shoes are all popular with the customers. To some extent, if someone wears Prada clothes, then, people will think that one has good fashion taste and high social status. With the rapid development of Chinas economy and technology, the life of people changes a lot and gets better and better. Meanwhile, peoples demands become much more multiple and complex, not only for the most basic necessities, they begin to pursue a more upscale sophisticated lifestyle, including the purchase and collection of luxury. So, Prada took the notice of Chinas potential market and finally, Prada made a right decision that is entering the market of China. Prada is a foreign investment company. company invests money to open direct in China Prada operates in China through about 25 directly operated stores and a network of selected high-end multi-brand stores and luxury department stores. Whether the sale of Prada is good or bad has nothing to do with the Chinese Government and us Chinese citizens. Prada is responsible for its own profit and loss, as well as the companys management. (Italy keen to bring FDI in fashion, textiles, Business Line Company, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article3428719.ece, 11-2-2012, by Joi) Prada is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise company, and this is not the only option which Prada can choose. There are 3 types of investment forms which are called wholly foreign-owned enterprise, Sino-foreign Joint Venture and representative office. Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures need the foreign companys cooperation with their Chinese partners. Usually, the foreign company provides money and the Chinese company provides human resources and land use rights or the other needed items. Also, the Chinese company should handle problems with the Chinese bureaucracy if any difficulty shows up during the process of producing or purchasing. LV is an obviously example of this investment way. Under this circumstance, both of them dont need to calculate the contribution ratios so that they can achieve the profit totally according to the terms of negotiate without disagreement. It is often used for BOT projects. In addition, the first steps for Prada outlet can possibly use the way of Representative Offices, although establish a Representative Office is not the most popular way for foreign investors in China. Strictly speaking, it is barred from many ways like executing direct business activities and it cannot receive the money for it services in some cases. Beside, its staff will not even agree with the terms. To get large profit in this way can be a little difficulty for a company in some conditions. Normally, it is used for purposes just like market liaison, research or product sourcing. The Representative Offices is popular because its not only relatively quick and easy, but also inexpensive to establish. On the other hand, wholly foreign owned enterprises allow the form of 100% foreign ownership. It is so attractive to the foreign investors, whose number has been increased recent years. It is very popular among investors that not only has little experience in investing, but also want to avoid the barriers with the Chinese partner and governments policy. Also many famous brands, for instance, UGG are a member of this team who also prefers to use this entry vehicle. Nowadays, foreign investors are more willing to take the risk of acting this way, said some financial experts. Thus, wholly foreign owned enterprise is not Pradas only option, but it can be the best. (Prada Outlet, http://www.google.com.hk/search?q=prada+outlet1tw9JG2+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-arthome.com%2Fforum%2Fforum.php%3Fmod%3Dviewthread%26tid%3D8402rlz=1C1CHSB_enCN499CN499oq=prada+outlet1tw9JG2+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-arthome.com%2Fforum%2Fforum.php%3Fmod%3Dviewthread%26tid%3D8402sugexp=chrome,mod=2sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8 ,11-07-2012, by Candice ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° IV The Organization Structure Taken by Prada in Coming to China Miuccia Prada, who is Prada named by, says that Now fashion embraces the whole world with different religions, costumes, et cetera, et cetera. Before, it reflected the spirit of a small group. There is just one collection, and we dont make specific things for specific markets, but try to accommodate a world which has become a lot bigger. Its a lot more difficult in this sense. (Prada and Chinese Feminists, PALM BEACH Womanà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Magazine, http://www.palmbeachwoman.com/business/prada-and-chinese-feminists/, October 29, 2012, by Lily) She thinks the world contains so many different cultures and styles. It is hard to make each people satisfied. She argues that it may not that useful to try to appeal to everyone in every different country. But on the other hand, we can try to build a bigger world, let the different styles be mixed and create a new style. It can be more difficult to accomplish due to the different thinking. No matter how the idea will impact the result, we can sa y Prada is a company which has creative thinking and it can make a big difference from other luxury brand. It is a typical global strategy Prada uses. Organizational structure is the formal system of task and job reporting relationships that determines how employees use resources to achieve organizational goals. Not only the global strategy is the factors that influence a companys organizational structure, the organizational environment, technology, human resources also do. The outside organizational environment is stable at the second-the hard time is over and Prada gain praise when compared to other related brands. It may result in a decentralized authority system, and the organizational system is not that tight. Of course, the chain of production is always tight and strict. What we say stable here is their structure which is used to hunt overseas markets. When it comes to human resources, Prada has hired many talented people who may probable require freedom and autonomy. It may a lso result in the decentralized and flexible structure. All of above, we believe that the organization is decentralized and flexible. From where we stand, the organization is organized in the best way in the short term. The world is changing fast, so their organization structure can be changed in the long run. Prada has a large team for development of production. They think creativity is the most important things. To make their product lead the worlds fashion, the standards to enter the company they have set are more difficult to meet. Prada always tries to select best one of their field in the employment market. The company will not miss the chance to grab the talents who are still at school, too. (PRADA annual report, PRADA Group, http://www.pradagroup.com/documents/201201/E-Annual-Report.pdf Page26, October 24, 2012, by Lily) Their fair and pellucid ways to select has drawn many excellences attention. It is not hard to see the company has employed many talented people. Their skills vary a lot. Some of them good at designing, some have an advantage in industry manufacturing, some can see higher than others of the whole business cycle. Their different skills can give them the bases to let the idea of a designer become a real product for business. Whats more, Prada is very strict to their cycle of production. Prada even hire specialized people no matter in or out of their local country to take charge of their quality monitoring. External manufacturing is also charged by the checker. (Business Model, Prada Group, http://www.pradagroup.com/en/group/business-model, October 25, 2012, by Elaine) The important reason they are so strict is that they think their task is significant enough for them to devote themselves to it. Prada thinks feedback is also important; the company makes annual report every year. Workers can get direct information about how their job is done. Task significance and skill variety allow employee to realize their job is meaningful. It results in Pradas all-round and consistent success since most of their employees have high motivation, performance and satisfaction. (PRADA annual report, PRADA Group, http://www.pradagroup.com/documents/201201/E-Annual-Report.pdf Page26, October 24, 2012, by Lily) We can see the employees have much motivation to do the ir jobs and due to which they become more and stricter to themselves. As what we say above, China is an important part in its globalization strategy, so the manager who is ready to locate in China needs to pay attention to every aspect. There are many tools for a manager to improve his or her job, and the job enlargement and job enrichment we learned before plays an important role. At first, we will explain that what is the job enlargement and job enrichment. Job enlargement is to increase the number of tasks for a given job. Job enrichment is to increase the degree of responsibility a worker has over a job can lead to increased worker involvement. With the development of technology, some people in some company feel boring with their work and dont want to take part in the work. It will decrease the efficiency. On this condition, its necessary to conduct job enlargement and job enrichment. We will state my opinion about how a typical job in China can be enlarged and enriched. We choose a middle manager to express my view. Only a group of elites can not constitute an excellent team. The more important thing is that everyone can do his own work well. Its important to have a good middle manager. At first, the manager should know what he or she should do to achieve their goal and have his or her own thoughts. The manager can divide the works into several groups and make them speak out their opinion about how to do well in their job. Secondly, the manager should distribute appropriate assignments to the subordinates. From our opinion, the appropriate number is two or three. Every task has its requirement and purpose. The manager should set standards for them to estimate. The feedback will be a good choice. Thirdly, the manager can give help to the subordinates. It doesnt mean that the manager should be responsible for the task. If the manager gives too much help, the subordinates will lose enthusiasm. Then, the manager sometimes should have a meeting to ask for information about the tasks and solve the problems together. Everyone can learn from another one. At last, we think team spirit is the most important. What can a manager do in China to improve cohesion? The manager can create a comfortable atmosphere. For an example, he or she can open a snack corner with food and drinks for the worker to chat or have a break. After work, the manager can get the workers together to have a dinner or go to a KTV to relax. The manager can have a harmonious interpersonal relationship with them and listen for their suggestions. In general, Prada Company uses the flat organizational hierarchy. Strictly, it is a hybrid structure. It is not a part of a chain, besides, it has the completed structure and the designing organizational structure is divided into different by function and division. Each department can be adjusted easily by functions and divisions so that they can coordinate with each other when the company faces different types of difficulties. Also, the flat organizational hierarchy with market structure can work. It should be a boundary less organization, there is direct contact between boss and staffs. If it is improve like this, everyone has more chance to play a liaison role to contact with constant other people. This new structure can improve the employee relationships so that staffs in Prada can feel superiors care about themselves and get ready for new challenges, which can let the company get both more effectiveness and efficiency. As far as I am concerned, the structure can influence the outcome and the organizations culture. Organizational structure can determine that how employees use resources and how can they achieve the goals. In another word, to some degree, organizational structure can decide the ways in which employees feel, think and behave even affect their values, beliefs, and norms. Advances in technology and the human resource is what an organizational structure depends on. However, the most important thing is the design of a companys organizational structure. When people have to work together and accomplish their goals, they have to interact frequently. And after that, with deeply knowing with each other, the harmony in the organization can be better and better. This helps the company accomplish its final goalearning more money. (Prada group, organizational structure, http://www.pradagroup.com/en/group/organizational-structure, November 2, 2012, by Candice) According to the diagram which I found on the Internet, we believe the organization can be divided into four levels. (Organizational structure,  © Prada http://www.pradagroup.com/en/group/organizational-structure, October 28, 2012, by David) The top level is Board of Directors. It is an institution shouldering the responsibilities for stockholders and the company. It has rights to formulate financial budget schemes or final accounting of revenue and expenditure projects. Allocation of profit schemes and covering the deficit is also jobs for Board of Directors. To sum up, Board of Directors is a brain of a company, which decides what to do next and releases the most authoritative commands. The second levels are CEO, Chairman and Deputy Chairman. They receive the consensual messages which Board of Directors has been discussed. All they should do is to study the task and allocate each step to different departments. They are critical in that if they fail to evaluate the situation, the following things which would be done next are not meaningful at all. In general, function is a significant factor influencing the division of the organization, completing that Prada. The leaders of various departments organize their specific manufacturing processes according to the indexes or targets which they are required to reach. The leaders of the bottom level are asked to complete one part of the specific targets. For example, the bottom level may be a workshop producing tyres in a car plant. Our team supposes that Prada is a decentralized organization. Each level only controls the next level. Everyone in this firm can express ideas about the projects or the tasks. Although Prada was a centralized firm in the past, it has been transforming into a decentralized organization. In history, Pradas development is depended on the creator, Mario Prada, a merchant who had a sense of business opportunities and investment. However, his successor was not able to manage this business effectively and efficiently compared with Mario Prada, which resulted in the decline of Pradas sales last century. To avoid this happened again, Prada managers are willing to listen to their employees voices and consider the possibilities of practicing their suggestions. There is no doubt that the present construction of authority is appropriate for Prada. Patricio Bertelli, owner and CEO of Prada recently stated that he is confident in the future development of the Prada brand and distribution network. Prada has invested ten million euros in the TRANSFORMER project, a design innovation to be presented at Saul, Korea during this month. Miuccia Prada will personally attend to the official launch of the project and she is confident that this investment will be beneficial in the near future for both Korea and the entire region. (PRADA shows confidence in future and continues investments, http://www.cpp-luxury.com/prada-shows-confidence-for-future-and-continues-investments/,  © 2009 cpp luxury, October 28, 2012, by David) Meanwhile, about EUR 1000 million revenues that Prada had achieved in 2011. Prada and Miu Mi

Science and Relgion Essay example -- Essays Papers

Science and Relgion Science and religion have not always peacefully coexisted. There have been many issues where scientific discovery and religious belief have clashed. Religion is based on ancient belief passed down through generations. As humans discovered more and more about themselves, they found that many of the things that religion told could not true. This caused an incredible crisis between the pious religious and the scientific world, especially in the Western world where Christianity dominated society, and where these scientific discoveries were being made. It was difficult for people at first to believe in God and at the same time except these new scientific findings that negated many things that religion had told them. Astonomer Kepler During the scientific revolution many religious issues were taken up. One was the issue of the earth being the center of the Universe, which the Christian doctrine held up as the truth. Through the work of astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, much was learned about our universe. One thing that was learned was that the earth revolved around the Sun, along with all the other planets of our solar system. Also it was learned that the sun is only one star among hundreds of billions of other stars of different shapes and sizes. This discovery baffled the church. How could we be only a tiny part of something greater? It was believed that God created the Universe to accommodate humankind and that everything in that Universe revolved around this. It now became apparent that this is not true. During the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was quick to reject these findings. Galileo didn’t understand the conflict, and pointed out that scripture is very old and is meant to ... ... science, and who feel that the bible should be taken literally. On the same hand there are many people in the science community who read the bible literally and announce there could be no God since the facts of the bible are so far removed from what scientific discovery has told us. There will probably never be day when science and religion completely agree, and there are no conflicts between the two sides. It is natural for men to question discovery, and when something tells you that thing you have believed in are wrong, it is natural to reject these things. Still, there have been considerable advancements in the understanding between religion and science. Links to web pages concerning science and religion: Http://salon.cma.univie.ac.at/~neum/sciandr.html http://homepages.tcp.co.uk/~carling/main_sci.html http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~newman/sci-faith.html Science and Relgion Essay example -- Essays Papers Science and Relgion Science and religion have not always peacefully coexisted. There have been many issues where scientific discovery and religious belief have clashed. Religion is based on ancient belief passed down through generations. As humans discovered more and more about themselves, they found that many of the things that religion told could not true. This caused an incredible crisis between the pious religious and the scientific world, especially in the Western world where Christianity dominated society, and where these scientific discoveries were being made. It was difficult for people at first to believe in God and at the same time except these new scientific findings that negated many things that religion had told them. Astonomer Kepler During the scientific revolution many religious issues were taken up. One was the issue of the earth being the center of the Universe, which the Christian doctrine held up as the truth. Through the work of astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, much was learned about our universe. One thing that was learned was that the earth revolved around the Sun, along with all the other planets of our solar system. Also it was learned that the sun is only one star among hundreds of billions of other stars of different shapes and sizes. This discovery baffled the church. How could we be only a tiny part of something greater? It was believed that God created the Universe to accommodate humankind and that everything in that Universe revolved around this. It now became apparent that this is not true. During the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was quick to reject these findings. Galileo didn’t understand the conflict, and pointed out that scripture is very old and is meant to ... ... science, and who feel that the bible should be taken literally. On the same hand there are many people in the science community who read the bible literally and announce there could be no God since the facts of the bible are so far removed from what scientific discovery has told us. There will probably never be day when science and religion completely agree, and there are no conflicts between the two sides. It is natural for men to question discovery, and when something tells you that thing you have believed in are wrong, it is natural to reject these things. Still, there have been considerable advancements in the understanding between religion and science. Links to web pages concerning science and religion: Http://salon.cma.univie.ac.at/~neum/sciandr.html http://homepages.tcp.co.uk/~carling/main_sci.html http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~newman/sci-faith.html

Problems in School Encountered by High School Students of Catanduanes State University Laboratory High School Sy: 2012-2013

PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL ENCOUNTERED BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF CATANDUANES STATE UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL SY: 2012-2013 A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty Members of the Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools Virac, Catanduanes Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in RESEARCH II RUBY JOY P. BEO MARK KENNETH T. MIGUEL JHON CLIFFORD T. ONIONG March, 2013 Catanduanes State University College of education LABORATORY SCHOOLS Virac, Catanduanes CERTIFICATIONThis Research Paper entitled â€Å"PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL ENCOUNTERED BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF CATANDUANES STATE UNIVERSITY LABORATORY SCHOOLS S. Y. 2012-2013† prepared and submitted by Ruby Joy P. Beo, Mark Kenneth T. Miguel and Jhon Clifford T. Oniong, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research II, has been checked and is recommended for acceptance. ZYRA MAE S. TOMAGANERIC T. ALDEA Language Editor Statistician Accepted and Approved by: SOCORRO D. MASAGCA Research Professor IMELDA T. BERNAL Principal ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Read this  Respiratory ActivityThe researchers are truly indebted to the following for making their vision a reality. Prof. Imelda T. Bernal, Principal, Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools, for her exemplary and motherly concern in tapping and developing potentials as indicators of progress in excellent working environment; Prof. Socorro D. Masagca, the researchers’ subject teacher, head teacher and guidance counselor of CSULS, for sharing her expertise and guidance for the completion of this work; To our teachers for their assistance, care, and love;The student-respondents, of Catanduanes State University Laboratory High School, for their total cooperation which gave meaningful fruit to this study; The Researchers’ family, especially to their parents for their untiring support and understanding; Above all, the Almighty God, for making things easy during their times of irreconcilabilities. THE AUTHORS DEDICATION First of all I would like to dedicate this t hesis to our Almighty God. And of course to my parents who taught me that the best kind of knowledge to have is that which is learned for its own sake.I also dedicate this hard work to my family who supported me financially. To my friends, the SNDB- Charl’z and Lhyr’z who are always there to support and care for me that taught me the real importance of having friends and for the unending bond we shared. â€Å"Friends 4ever X ?. † To my Parekoy. To Rene, to my sister Blezza. To my co-researchers, Kenneth and Clifford. To my special someone who served as my inspiration in doing this thesis. To Ma’am Phine and Ma’am Socorro who guided and always reminded us to do our thesis. To IV- Einstein and IV-Galileo Batch 2012-2013. ~ Rhub’z DEDICATIONTo God above, for His presence To my parents, for their love and support To my brothers and sister To all my friends and schoolmates for their companionship To the teachers for their guidance To IV- Einstein for the never ending happiness To my co-researchers Ruby and Clifford And to someone, who gave me inspiration This work I humbly dedicate. ~Ken DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the following: To my loving and very understanding mother, To my hardworking and kind father, To my ever supportive sisters Pamela and Nicole, To my Lolo, To my classmates and friends, To my co-researchers, Ruby and Kenneth,To IV- Einstein and IV-Galileo Batch 2012-2013, and above all To ALMIGHTY GOD. ~ Cliff ABSTRACT BEO, RUBY JOY P. , MARK KENNETH T. MIGUEL AND JHON CLIFFORD T. ONIONG â€Å"PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL ENCOUNTERED BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF CATANDUANES STATE UNIVERSITY LABORATORY SCHOOLS S. Y. 2012-2013† The purpose of this study is to identify the different areas where students encounter difficulty. In addition, the degrees of seriousness of these problems were also determined. Specifically, the following questions were considered: 1. What is the profile of CSULHS students in terms of: a. ) Age b. ) Gender c. Educational attainment of parents d. ) Occupation of parents e. ) Monthly income of parents 2. What are the problems encountered by CSULHS students in the following areas: a. ) Personal Factor b. ) School Factor c. ) Peer relation Factor 3. What is the degree of difficulty in each problem identified? In what problem(s) do the respondents encountered very serious difficulty? Least difficulty? 4. Is there a significant difference between the degree of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of personal factor, school factor, and peer relation factor?The hypothesis of the study is there is no significant difference between the degree of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of personal factor, school factor, and peer relation factor. The descriptive survey method of research was used in this study with the questionnaire as the main tool for gathering data. The following were the findings of the study : 1. Majority of the high school students belong to the age bracket 13-14 with a frequency of 38 or 48% 2. In gender 38 or 47. 5% of the respondents were male and 42 or 52. % of the respondents were female. 3. For the educational attainment of parents, the majority of their fathers were college graduates (65 fathers or 81%). In their mothers’ educational attainment, majority were college graduates (74 mothers or 93%). 4. In occupation of parents, the majority of the fathers of the students were self-employed (39 fathers or 49%). In the occupations of the mothers of the students majority of them were government employees (45 mothers or 56%). 5. In the monthly income, the majority had an income of P 26,000 and above. 6.Out of the eight (7) listed possible student’s personal problems, the students rated four (4) as moderately serious while the other three (3) were rated less serious. â€Å"Family problems† is the statement out of 4 that was rated highest for  "moderately serious† which got the highest mean. The statement â€Å"love life† is the only one among the other options rated as â€Å"less serious† that got the highest rate of 2. 288. 7. Based from the answers of the high school students, of thirteen (13) listed school problems, 11 were rated â€Å"moderately serious† while only 2 were rated â€Å"less serious†.The statement â€Å"Too difficult projects† among the eleven (11) statements rated as â€Å"moderately serious† got the highest mean of 3. 45. The statement with the highest rating for â€Å"less serious† is â€Å"Poor method of teaching† with a mean of 2. 488. 8. In four (4) listed problems with their peers, the high school students rated two (2) statements as â€Å"moderately serious† while only one statement were rated â€Å"less serious†. The statement â€Å"Peer Pressure† got the highest mean for â€Å"moderately serious† which ha ve 2. 65. The statement â€Å"Bullying† got a mean of 2. 463 for â€Å"less serious†. The following conclusions were derived from the findings: 1.Majority of the high school students are females, within the age range of 13-14 years old, parents are college graduates for with which the fathers are self-employed and the mothers are government employees and with a monthly income of P 26,000 above. 2. The majority of the high school students agree that the problem which regards to the personal problem is family problem. 3. The problem with regards to the school factor, the majority of the high school students agree to too difficult projects. 4. The problem with regards to the peer factor, the majority of the high school students agree to the peer pressure.From the findings and conclusions arrived at, the following recommendations are offered: 1. In personal problem, we recommend for the parents to help their child or children in solving their problems to lessen it and to h elp them in their studies. Be always open for them to understand their limitations. 2. In school problems, the teachers must give more effort to their work for the students get interested with their subject. Enforce latest learning and teaching guidelines to help improve the teachers teaching skills. It is also recommended for the teachers or the institution to offer more reference materials to help them in their studies.Also, the teacher must lessen their strictness so that students will participate well in the class 3. In peer problems, we recommend them to have some self-esteem and make their own decisions. TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦iii DEDICATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦iv ABSTRACT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xi LIST OF TABLES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦xiii LIST OF FIGURES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xiv CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION Background of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Statement of the Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . 2 Hypothesis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Conceptual Framework and Research Paradigm †¦.. 4 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Review of Related Literature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Review of Related Studies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH Research Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Sources of Data †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Instrumentation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Data-Gathering Procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Statistical Technique Used †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 4PRESEN TATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 5SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 29 Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦30 BIBLIOGRAPGHY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 APENDICES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 CURRICULUM VITAE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 40 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1Frequency, Percentage Distribution and Rank of Students Profile †¦. 17 2High School Students’ Personal Problems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 3Summary of Test on the Personal Problems Encountered by High School Students of CSULHS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 4High School Students’ School Problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 5Summary of Test on the School Problems Encountered by High School Students of CSULHS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 6High School Students’ Peer Problems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 7Summary of Test on the Peer Problems Encountered by HighSchool Students of CSULHS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 LIS T OF FIGURES FIGURE 1Conceptual Paradigm †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Background of the Study A student is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution. In some nations, the English term is reserved for those who attend university while a school child under the age of eighteen is called a pupil in English. In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning. Since time is immemorial and across many different cultures, students have been regarded as the hope of the fatherland.They say that they are the one who will save the future of the next generations. Without students, a school will not be a school and a teacher will not be a teacher. In other words students are the one who makes the life of the teachers and creates and completes the school. As a part of the school, students have their own goal to achieve success in life. If there are no students, many of us now have no employment, no modernization and no higher purpose in life. In other words, planet Earth would not be as much productive and as developed as it is today without students. Students play a very important role in building the future of our nation.The researchers believe that they should be given the right education as well as importance by our government and society. Observations however, showed that despite the years that these students focused on their studies and many other activities, problems of different kinds and different level of seriousness still arise. It is on this situation that the researcher was intended to conduct an investigation to identify the problems encountered by the high school students of the CSU Laboratory High School and to determine the level or degree of seriousness of these problems.Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to identify the different areas where students encounter difficulty . In addition, the degrees of seriousness of these problems were also determined. Specifically, the following questions were considered: 1. What is the profile of CSULHS students in terms of: a. ) Age b. ) Gender c. ) Educational attainment of parents d. ) Occupation of parents e. ) Monthly income of parents 2. What are the problems encountered by CSULHS students in the following areas: a. ) Personal Factor b. ) School Factor c. Peer relation Factor 3. What is the degree of difficulty in each problem identified? In what problem(s) do the respondents encountered very serious difficulty? Least difficulty? 4. Is there a significant difference between the degree of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of personal factor, school factor, and peer relation factor? Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the degree of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of personal factor, school factor, and peer relation f actor.Conceptual Framework The research paradigm in Figure 1 shows the major variables of this study that will bring out positive and negative impact on different persons involved. Likewise, it will directly affect the quality of education the school is presently experiencing. The two major variables are the independent variables that includes the respondent’s distribution in terms of age, gender, educational attainment of parents, occupation of parents and monthly family income and the dependent variable which includes the degree of difficulty of the problems encountered by the respondents.Independent Variable Dependent Variable FIGURE 1 Conceptual Paradigm Significance of the Study Identifying the problems encountered by the students opens suggestions of the parents as well as the teachers on how to solve these. Student’s problem should be minimized if possible so that they can focus on their studies well and affect the school by gaining good reputation. Results of t his study would be beneficial to the following: The Teachers- Findings enable them to identify the problems of the students and as a result, students can adjust and cope to their studies.The students can focus on their studies and can study well without serious problems. The Parents- Results make them understand the environment of their children as students and assist them in their studies and in solving the problems they encounter. The Students, themselves- If they are helped out with these problems, it is very possible that they can maintain their wholesome life, their physical, social and intellectual self. Scope and Limitation This study is focused on the identification of the problems encountered by high school students in CSULHS S. Y. 2012-2013.This covers the period school year 2012-2013. This study involves selected students of CSU Laboratory High School, School Year 2012-2013. It focuses mainly on the problems encountered by students. It comprises 25% (80 students) of the w hole population (331 students). 40 of it were boys while 40 are girls. Definition of Key Terms: To make every detail clear, the following terms were operationally defined to be use in the study. Areas of Difficulty- The activities related to class manipulating where problems are encountered. CSU- The school where the study was conducted.Degree of Difficulty- Level of seriousness of the problems met indicated on five point scale: Five- very serious, Four-serious, Three- moderately serious, Two- less serious and One- not a problem. Peer Relation Factor- The factor which concerns the problems about peer relation. Personal Factor- The factor which concerns the problems about yourself. Respondents- students who will supply answer in the instrument used. School Factor – The factors which concerns the problems about school and academic tasks. Students- are generally 12-16 years old undergoing secondary education; the subject in the research.Student-Teacher Relationship- The academic relation between teachers and their students. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES This portion cites considerable number of studies and research works of different aspects related to problems encountered by high school students. The presentation is under two main topics: Related Literature and Related Studies. Related Literature Suvajit, 2009 said that for a school student, life is loaded with studies. It is not possible for each one of them to cope up with their studies.They often get nervous, frustrated and end up mugging their lessons which is very harmful. Teacher’s reaction shouldn’t vary from student to student; it should be equal to every student. Discrimination is very fatal for students. Shahin, 2007 concluded that students all over the world face a number of problems. This is very much true in the case of India, especially in native state BIHAR. The students’ community is affected by lots of problems. Lack of quality education, the threat of unemployment, absence of adequate opportunities, nepotism and a host of many such factors dishearten the students.The system of education in India is acting as a constraint. Lack of proper guidance by the parents and unawareness of the students in choosing the right career lead to their fate. Though a number of universities and colleges are imparting education to the students, the standard of education has plunged. Reservations and recommendations withhold the candidature of several competent persons. It has done harm more good. Those students who strictly adhere to the grind of school and later college, emerge as graduates. But they find themselves unsuccessful in securing jobs.Due to the growing population, they find that every job has several contenders. They find themselves to be a part of the already saturated market of job-seekers. They frantically strive hard to find a job but realize that, money and favoritism fetch jobs; certificates don’t as the educat ional is bookish, once out of college they find themselves helpless because they lack practical knowledge. They crave for name, fame and affluence in a short span of life. But when expectations are not fulfilled and gross realities of life stare upon them they end up dejected and frustrated.After going through the formalities of school and college, they feel that they have been unsuccessful in achieving what they intended. It leads to sheer desperations among the student community giving rise to student unrest. Human resource development route should be taken seriously and invest in it liberally, reservation may not be needed. Because the quota system has injected a lethal poison in our society and filled hatred in the minds of people, particularly the youth. Nastiti, 2009 revealed that teaching English for young learners essentially confronts several problems over those pointed above.However, three aspects of which are stated, are essential to find the solution earlier. This is sin ce these problems frequently happen in society. By reviewing the problems happen in teaching English for young learners which are the quality of the teacher, the habit of the students, and the participation of parents. Regarding the essential of learning English for young learners, all of the parties should oblige to solve these problems. It can start from the students themselves to the major parties of the country to make them care about the importance of learning English for young learners.Related Studies According to Sorra (2001) in his study, Problems Encountered by Students of Catanduanes State Colleges Laboratory High School Staying with their Relatives determined the problems encountered by students of CSCLHS staying with their relatives. Relative to the problems of this study, the hypothesis formulated was that the main problems encountered by the students staying with their relatives’ residence are social, emotional, financial, academic and personal problems. The pro blems are caused merely by students itself, by the relatives or the parent.The relatives should be responsible in helping the students to overcome their problems. To solve this problem, the researcher said that proper communication skill and discipline is the main key to this problem. These problems may have a great effect on the students’ part. It may affect his habits behavior and his total self. Balimbing and Ibones (2011) in their study about â€Å"Problems Encountered by Junior and Senior High School Students in their Research Subject† determined the problems encountered by students of Catanduanes State University Laboratory High School in their research subject.Relative to the problems of this study the hypothesis formulated was there are no problems encountered by Junior and Senior High School students in their research subject. Since, there were no problems encountered it is recommended to just retain the way the teachers approach their students. Based on the a nswers of the respondents in the study, the recommendation for the students is to try to be interested in their research subject and to add more time in the subject.The similarities of this present study above are with the kind of method used, data gathering tool and both of it aims to know answers from problems encountered by high school students. On the other hand, a study about the Struggles of High School Students to Find School-Related Information on the web was conducted by Shenton (2008) According to his study, seventy-seven online questionnaires were completed by students between 31 October and 27 November 2006, when analysis of the data began. Of the 77 respondents, only 35 provided data on problems encountered when seeking information for their assignments.Most of the respondents in this group were in years nine, ten and eleven (ages 13-16), with only two in year 12 (16-17) and four in year 13 (17-18). Over half (19/35) of respondents were female. Forty remaining responden ts either stated that they experienced no problems in finding the information they needed for school or did not answer the relevant question on the questionnaire. Two participants indicated that they did not have the information they needed to complete their schoolwork because they did not look for it.Over 20 distinct information-seeking problems were identified through inductive analysis of the qualitative data provided by 35 participants. Difficulties encountered in the search for information largely fell into four major categories: problems determining an appropriate search strategy, barriers posed by limited school resources or Internet filtering software; â€Å"process frustrations† (280) stemming from the perceived inadequacies of search engines, poorly designed web sites, and missing or broken web links; and, â€Å"shortcomings in the retrieved information† (281) in terms of relevance and accuracy.In addition, a small number of students either indicated that the y had difficulty applying the information they found to the problem that prompted the search, or were concerned about copyright restrictions on how they could use the information. All but two of the problems reported by the students related to information-seeking on the web. The web was the most popular source of information for students, with 71 out of 77 respondents listing it as one of the sources or the only source they consulted in school.The similarities of the study above with the study at hand is that both of it aims to know answers from problems encountered by high school students. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH This chapter presents the research design, source of data, sampling or procedure, instrumentation and validation and data-gathering procedure employed in this study. Research Design The descriptive method or research with survey technique was used in this study. Description method is a fact-finding of the study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the fin dings.It describes what actually exists such as current conditions, practices, situation or any phenomenon. Since, the present study was concerned with the present condition of the problems encountered by high school students. The descriptive method was the most appropriate method to be used. The descriptive method was also used because it deals not only with gathering and tabulation of information but also for evaluation and analyzing the significance of data in the level or degree of difficulty in each problem of high school students of Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools.Sources of Data The data gathered by means of a questionnaire and was done to gather data and information. To determine the Respondents profile, a checklist table was made by the researchers to determine their age, gender, educational attainments of their parents, and the occupation of the parents. The questionnaire used in determining the problems encountered by the students and its degree was also m ade by the researchers. The checklist was prepared by the researchers and copies of the questionnaire were distributed to selected high school students and then retrieve to the researchers.The questionnaire contains the common problems encountered by the students. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: Part I cover the students profile that contains the age, gender, educational attainment and occupation of their parents. Part II covers the questionnaire proper which comprises the problems and its degree of difficulty. Instrumentation The test was distributed among selected high school students. Before the administer of the test, a letter was sent to the principal of the school and the adviser of the high school students requesting permission to distribute the research questionnaire to respondent-student.The degree of difficulty of the problems encountered by the students was counted. In order of the questionnaire to be accurate and reliable the researcher conducted a validati on in school such as Cabugao Integrated School with 45 respondents. Data Gathering Procedure A questionnaire was used to collect data. It was distributed to the 80 high school students of the Catanduanes State University Laboratory School. After the data were accomplished by the respondents the researcher personally collected the questionnaires given to the respondents. Data were analyzed and interpreted to come up with more specific results and findings.The nature of the study required the use of descriptive method. Statistical Techniques Used To transform the data into meaningful information, data were analyzed and interprets using frequency, percentage and rating scale. Simple frequency count was used to determine the number of respondents within a category. This is also used to tally the data received from the respondents. Weighted Arithmetic Mean was used to determine the types of reading material read and frequency of reading the materials. Chi-square was used to determine the relationship of the variables under study.CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents the data gathered on the â€Å"Problems in School Encountered by High School Students of Catanduanes State University Laboratory High School, S. Y. 2012-2013† 1. Profile of the High School Students The first specific question posed in this study is: What are the profile of CSULHS students in terms of age and gender. Questions regarding their parents were also asked like educational attainment of parents, occupation of parents and monthly income of parents. The respondents were grouped under five categories.To answer this question, the respondents were asked to give information regarding their personal profile. The data gathered are presented in Table 1. a. Age. Out of 80 high school students, 4 or 5% belonged to the age group 11-12. The age bracket 13-14 had 38 or 48% respondents. Fifteen to sixteen age brackets had 31 or 39% while 17-18 age brackets h ad 7 or 8% of respondents. This implies that majority of the high school students belong to the age bracket 13-14. b. Gender. Under this item, 38 or 47. 5% of the respondents were male and 42 or 52. 5% of the respondents were female.This implies that there are more females then males. c. Educational Attainment of Parents. Here, their fathers’ educational attainment was classified as follows: 8 or 10% were college undergraduates; 2 or 3% were elementary undergraduates; 65 or 81% were college graduates; and 5 or 6% were high school graduates. This implies that the majority of the fathers were college graduates. In their mothers’ educational attainment, 3or 4% were college undergraduate, 1 or 1% was high school undergraduate, and another 1 or 1% was elementary undergraduate. Seventy-four or 93% were college graduates and 1 or 1% was high school graduate.This implies that the majority of the mothers were college graduate. d. Occupation of Parents. In this portion, the occu pations of the fathers of the students were classified as follows: 4 or 5% were unemployed; 39 or 49% were self-employed; 30 or 38% were government employees; and 4 or 5% were classified as others. This implies that the majority of their fathers were self-employed. The occupations of the mothers of the students were also classified as follows: 9 or 11% were unemployed; 22 or 28% were self-employed; 45 or 56% were government employees; and 4 or 5% were classified as others.This implies that the majority of their mothers were government employees. e. Monthly Income of Parents. In the monthly income, 4 or 5% had an income below P 5,000; 18 or 23% of them has P 6,000-P 15,000; 21 or 26% has P16,000-P 25,000 as an income; and 37 or 46% had an income of P 26,000 and above. This implies that majority of the parents of the students had an income P26,000 and above. TABLE 1 Frequency, Percentage Distribution and Rank of Students’ Profile ProfileFrequencyPercentageRank Age 11-12450%1 13 -14 3848%2 15-163139%3 17-1877%4 Total80100% Gender Male3847. 5%2 Female4252. 5%1 Total80100%Educational attainment Father College undergraduate810%2 High school undergraduate00% Elementary undergraduate23%4 College graduate6581%1 High school graduate11%3 Elementary graduate00% Total80100% Mother College undergraduate34%2 High school undergraduate11%4 Elementary undergraduate11%4 College graduate7493%1 High school graduate11%4 Elementary graduate00% Total80100% Occupation of parents Father Unemployed45%4 Self-employed3949%1 Government employee3038%2 Others78%3 Total80100% Mother Unemployed911%3 Self-employed2228%2 Government employee4556%1 Others45%4 Total80100% Monthly income of parentsBelow P 5,00045%4 P 6,000-P 15,0001823%3 P 16,000-P 25,0002126%2 P 26,000 above3746%1 Total80100% 2. Problems Encountered by CSULHS Students and its Degree of Difficulty The second study concerned the personal factors, school factors and peer relation factors. This was ranked according to 5-very seri ous, 4- serious, 3-moderately serious, 2-less serious and 1-not a problem. The answers to this question were gathered from the results of the data from the retrieved questionnaires. They are presented, analyzed and ranked in the succeeding tables through topical discussion. a. Students’ Personal ProblemsThere are seven listed probable personal problems that a student may encounter. Table 2 shows the personal problems of the students. The first column shows the personal problems. The second and third column shows the frequency and the mean. On the last column is found the qualitative response of the different personal problems of the students. TABLE 2 High School Students’ Personal Problems ProblemsFrequencyMeanQR Personal Factor54321 1. Lack of money for paying contributions1262120212. 6Moderately serious 2. Lack of money for transport in school761216392. 075Less serious 3. Lack of money for paying books1181524222. 25Moderately serious 4. Lack of money for having snack s45918441. 838Less serious 5. Family problems11111820202. 663Moderately serious 6. Sickness or health problems9112218202. 638Moderately serious 7. Love life164811412. 288Less serious 8. Others (specify)000000 Based on the answers of the students it could be noted out that out of the seven (7) listed possible student’s personal problems, the students rated four (4) as moderately serious while the other three (3) were rated less serious. â€Å"Family problems† is the statement out of 4 that were rated highest for â€Å"moderately serious† which got the highest mean.The statement â€Å"love life† is the only one among the other options rated as â€Å"less serious† that got the highest rate of 2. 288. TABLE 3 Summary of Test on the Personal Problems encountered by High School Students of CSULHS Test Statistics Computed Value Tabular Value Decision Interpretation Chi-square 58. 3765 42. 98 Rejected HOProblems encountered by high school students and the degree of difficulty they are encountering really differ with each other Level of significance=0. 01 HO. There is no significant difference between the degrees of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of personal factor.In order to prove the hypothesis, the chi-square was used. As shown on the table, the computed value is 58. 3765 which are far from 0. 01 having a tabular value of 42. 98. Since the tabular value is less than the computed value, the hypothesis is rejected. b. Students’ School Problems Table 4 shows the students’ school problems. On the first column are the listed problems. Under the second column is found the frequencies while on the third and last column are the mean and the qualitative response. TABLE 4 High School Students’ School Problems ProblemsFrequencyMeanQR School Factor54321 1. Too difficult subjects2012241773. 63Moderately serious 2. Lack of available reference materials9141824152. 725Moderately seriou s 3. Too many assignments1815211973. 225Moderately serious 4. Too difficult projects2415191753. 45Moderately serious 5. Lack of interest on the topics discussed1410242663Moderately serious 6. Incompetent teachers9112324132. 738Moderately serious 7. Too strict teachers1392126112. 838Moderately serious 8. Favoritism of teachers 18122513123. 138Moderately serious 9. Poor method of teaching12101823172. 488Less serious 10. Absence or lack of teachers881227252. 338Less serious 11. Rejection by teachers10101228202. 25Moderately serious 12. Boring teachers15112321103Moderately serious 13. Overloaded requirements23132013113. 3Moderately serious 14 others (specify)000000 It could be noted base from the answers of the high school students shown in Table 4, that of thirteen (13) listed school problems, 11 were rated â€Å"moderately serious† while only 2 were rated â€Å"less serious†. The statement â€Å"Too difficult projects† among the eleven (11) statements rated as â⠂¬Å"moderately serious† got the highest mean of 3. 45. The statement with the highest rating for â€Å"less serious† is â€Å"Poor method of teaching† with a mean of 2. 488.TABLE 5 Summary of Test on the School Problems encountered by High School Students of CSULHS Type of Test Computed Value Tabular Value Decision Interpretation Chi-square 88. 2767 76. 15 Rejected HOProblems encountered by high school students and the degree of difficulty they are encountering really differ with each other Level of significance=0. 01 HO. There is no significant difference between the degrees of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of school factor. To facilitate the hypothesis, the chi-square was used. As shown in the table, the computed value is 88. 767 which are far from 0. 01 having a tabular value of 76. 15. Since the tabular value is less than the computed value, the hypothesis is rejected. c. Students’ Peer Problems Listed on the t able 6 are the problems regarding with the peers. The first column contains the problems regarding with the peers. The second and third column shows the frequency and the mean while the last column shows the qualitative response. TABLE 6 High School Students’ Peer Problems ProblemsFrequencyMeanQR Peer Factor54321 1. Bullying1491319252. 463Less Serious 2. Peer Pressure9141818212. 65Moderately Serious 3.Bad Influence of Peers13191615272. 575Moderately Serious 4. Others (specify)000000 Based on table 6 it could be noted that of three (3) listed problems with their peers, the high school students rated 2 statements as â€Å"moderately serious† while only one statement were rated â€Å"less serious†. The statement â€Å"Peer Pressure† got the highest mean for â€Å"moderately serious† which have 2. 65. The statement â€Å"Bullying† got a mean of 2. 463 for â€Å"less serious†. TABLE 7 Summary of Test on the Peer Problems encountered by Hig h School Students of CSULHS Type of Test Computed Value Tabular Value Decision InterpretationChi-square 4. 94 20. 09 Accepted HOProblems encountered by high school students and the degree of difficulty they are encountering do not differ with each other Level of significance=0. 01 HO. There is no significant difference between the degrees of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of school factor. To facilitate the hypothesis, the chi-square was used. As shown in the table, the computed value is 4. 94 which are far from 0. 01 having a tabular value of 20. 09. Since the tabular value is greater than the computed value, the hypothesis is accepted.CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary of the study, the findings arrived at and the conclusions and recommendations. Summary The purpose of this study is to identify the different areas where students encounter difficulty. In addition, the degrees of seriousness o f these problems were also determined. Specifically, the following questions were considered: 1. What is the profile of CSULHS students in terms of: a. ) Age b. ) Gender c. ) Educational attainment of parents d. ) Occupation of parents e. ) Monthly income of parents 2.What are the problems encountered by CSULHS students in the following areas: a. ) Personal Factor b. ) School Factor c. ) Peer relation Factor 3. What is the degree of difficulty in each problem identified? In what problem(s) do the respondents encountered very serious difficulty? Least difficulty? 4. Is there a significant difference between the degree of difficulty of the problems encountered by high school students in terms of personal factor, school factor, and peer relation factor? The respondents of the study included only 80 high school students enrolled ta Catanduanes State University Laboratory High School.The descriptive survey method of research was used in this study with the questionnaire as the main tool for gathering data. The data gathered from the questionnaires were tallied, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. Findings Based on the data gathered, the following findings were drawn: 1. Students’ Profile a. Majority of the high school students belong to the age bracket 13-14 with a frequency of 38 or 48%, 4 or 5% belonged to the age group 11-12. Fifteen to sixteen age brackets had 31 or 39% while 17-18 age brackets had 7 or 8% of respondents. b. In gender 38 or 47. % of the respondents were male and 42 or 52. 5% of the respondents were female. c. For the educational attainment of parents, the majority of their fathers were college graduates (65 fathers or 81%); 8 or 10% were college undergraduates; 2 or 3% were elementary undergraduates; and 5 or 6% were high school graduates. In their mothers’ educational attainment, majority were college graduates (74 mothers or 93% ); 3 or 4% were college undergraduate, 1 or 1% was high school undergraduate, and another 1 or 1% wa s elementary undergraduate. One or 1% was high school graduate. d.In occupation of parents, the majority of the fathers of the students were self-employed (39 fathers or 49%); 4 or 5% were unemployed; 30 or 38% were government employees; and 4 or 5% were classified as others. In the occupations of the mothers of the students majority of them were government employees (45 mothers or 56%); 9 or 11% were unemployed; 22 or 28% were self-employed; and 4 or 5% were classified as others. e. In the monthly income, the majority had an income of P 26,000 and above. Four or 5% had an income below P 5,000; 18 or 23% of them has P 6,000-P 15,000; 21 or 26% has P16,000-P 25,000 as an income; and 37 or 46% . 2.Students’ Personal Problems Out of the eight (7) listed possible student’s personal problems, the students rated four (4) as moderately serious while the other three (3) were rated less serious. â€Å"Family problems† is the statement out of 4 that were rated highest for â€Å"moderately serious† which got the highest mean. The statement â€Å"love life† is the only one among the other options rated as â€Å"less serious† that got the highest rate of 2. 288. 3. Students’ School Problems Base from the answers of the high school students, of thirteen (13) listed school problems, 11 were rated â€Å"moderately serious† while only 2 were rated â€Å"less serious†.The statement â€Å"Too difficult projects† among the eleven (11) statements rated as â€Å"moderately serious† got the highest mean of 3. 45. The statement with the highest rating for â€Å"less serious† is â€Å"Poor method of teaching† with a mean of 2. 488. 4. Students’ Peer Problems In four (4) listed problems with their peers, the high school students rated two (2) statements as â€Å"moderately serious† while only one statement were rated â€Å"less serious†. The statement â€Å"Peer Pressureâ₠¬  got the highest mean for â€Å"moderately serious† which have 2. 65. The statement â€Å"Bullying† got a mean of 2. 63 for â€Å"less serious†. Conclusions The following were derived from the findings: 1. Majority of the high school students are females, within the age range of 13-14 years old, parents are college graduates for with which the fathers are self-employed and the mothers are government employees and with a monthly income of P 26,000 above. 2. The majority of the high school students agree that the problem which regards to the personal problem is family problem. 3. The problem which regards to the school factor, the majority of the high school students agree to too difficult projects. . The problem which regards to the peer factor, the majority of the high school students agree to the peer pressure. Recommendations From the findings and conclusions arrived at, the following recommendations are offered: 1. In personal problem, we recommend for the parents to help their child or children in solving their problems to lessen it and to help them in their studies. Be always open for them to understand their limitations. 2. In school problems, the teachers must give more effort to their work for the students get interested with their subject.Enforce latest learning and teaching guidelines to help improve the teachers teaching skills. It is also recommended for the teachers or the institution to offer more reference materials to help them in their studies. Also, the teacher must lessen their strictness for the students participate well in the class, avoiding favoritism and rejections to them. 3. In peer problems, we recommend them to have some self-esteem and make their own decisions. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS Calderon, Jose F. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Mandaluyong City: Cacho Hermanos, Inc. , 1993 Calderon, Jose F. and Expectacion C. Gonzales.Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Mandaluyong City: Quad Alpha Centrum Bl dg. , 2008. Calmorin-Paler, Laurentina and Melchor A. Calmorin (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing, 2nd edition. Manila. B. UNPUBLISHED THESIS Balingbing, Kristine Kay T. , Jann Ursula Aree S. Ibones. Problems Encountered by Junior and Senior High School Students in their Research Subject, 2011 Bueno, Carmela T. Reading Habits and level of Reading Comprehension Skills of Sophomore Students at Catanduanes State Colleges Laboratory Schools 2012 Sorra, Reginaldo King Ramos. Problems Encountered By Students of CSCLHS Staying with their Relatives. 2001.

Running Speed in Dinosaurs

Running Speed in Dinosaurs Introduction Dinosaurs refer to a wide set of animals that dominated vertebrates living on land for more than one hundred and sixty years since the end of Triassic era to the late Cretaceous era. The species of dinosaur began disappearing in the third incident of crustacean extinction event. According to reports from the fossils, avian developed from a group of dinosaurs called theropod in the Jurassic era (Paul 14). A few of the birds evaded this period including their descendants. Never the less, birds in some instances have been classified as dinosaurs.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Running Speed in Dinosaurs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are a set of animals consisting of more than nine thousand avian and perciform fish. Several kinds of avian dinosaurs have been identified, ranging from those that fly to those that do not fly. Fossil remains belonging to dinosaurs have been excavated in all parts of the world. A few of the dinosaurs were carnivorous whilst others were herbivorous. Furthermore, some dinosaurs have been having two pedals, others with four pedals. Dinosaurs having two pedals assume the highest ultimate speed in running as opposed to those with four limbs. Never the less, some dinosaurs walking on fours sprint at a fast rate as opposed to their bipedal counterpartss. A case in point is the avian descendants which possess fast moving muscles of the upper arm which have evolved by time to form wings and can propel the dinosaur at very electrifying speeds especially under tension or when running after a prey. Most of the present day animals have their ancestral roots among the dinosaurs’ .The world’s main vertebrates that fly are the birds. In addition to this, most of the dinosaurs have been reduced in sizes and are said to make nests including laying eggs in the nests as well as flying at very high speeds. The first fossils were discovered in the n ineteenth century. Since the discovery, the remains have been preserved in various historic sites such as the museums. Every excavated remain has followed the same suite making museums rich of dinosaur remains. Dinosaurs have appeared in best-selling editorials as well as films expending their fast moving characteristics. New discoveries of the same have been aired by media on regular basis. More so, the eroding dinosaur image as ancient monster has attracted the use of ‘dinosaur’ into gaining entry into vernacular by describing anything that is obsolete, huge, tending towards extinction and slows in motion. Modern definition According to Phylogenic classification, dinosaurs refer to modern birds (Neortnithes), their recent ancestors’. Avian species have been characterized by presence of ostriches; these definitions encompass theropods, sauropodomorphs, ankylosaurians, stegosaurians, ceratopsians, and ornithopods (Paul 67). General description Dinosaurs can be de fined as land based archosaurian reptiles constituting of limbs erected below the body that existed during the end ofs Triassic and the end of Cretaceous periods. Most of antediluvian animals are purported to be dinosaurs (Paul 76). Dinosaurs constituted a large portion of animals living on land and which resembled mammals very closely.Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other sets of animals were very small and limited to the size of a rodent or cat. However, Repenomamus giganticus fed on infant dinosaurs. Since 2008, various dinosaur species have been identified. One of the Dinosaurs was found to be living in aerial or marine environments despite the fact that some theropods with feathers could fly. This simply means that some of the spinosaurids constituted of temporal aquatic characteristics. Physiology Most people studying the origin and evolution processes among dinosa urs have given different opinions regarding thermal regulation which closely intertwines with speed in a given animal. Initially a hot discussion ensured with respect to the beasts ability to regulate the body temperatures. Currently studies have supported the fact that these eroding species existed in regions of low temperatures hence most of them had thermal regulatory mechanisms to counter the cooler climatic conditions. Hence, the argument concurs with those who asserted that the dinosaur’s ultimate speed during sprinting was very low; hence they were slow moving creatures. An example of this fossil is that of the polar bears found in Antarctica region. Discovery of avian fossils have also supported the thermal regulation concept among Neortnithes. The study of blood circulation among a set of avian dinosaurs is a true representation of all endothermic creatures. Theropods displayed an active lifestyle blood circulatory system that is characteristic of endothermic animals . Warm-bloodedness among many animals can result from various mechanisms. For example, Mammals and avian whose body sizes are average have been compared with endothermic dinosaurs. These birds make use of their energies to increase their body temperatures above that of the surrounding. Small sized avian have insulators in terms of presence of feathers and fat which aids in thermal regulation. Huge mammals like elephants, however, have a minute surface area compared to its volume which is in agreement with Halden’s principle. This feature enhances thermal regulation which resulting from the cooling of the body temperatures during hot seasons via flapping of the ears. This characteristic is important especially during running after a hunt. Dinosaurs speed The legs of human beings are up right with knees that are straight due to their vertical bodies that put the C.O .G (centre of gravity) in alignment with the socket of the hip. Since both the body and the head of the bipedal d inosaurs were kept level as well as ahead of the hips despite the long tail which countered the balance, the femur sloped in front in order to maintain the feet below COG.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Running Speed in Dinosaurs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This organization is however extremely represented in birds with short tails whose femoral bones are close to the horizontal line on walking so as to maintain the feet and knees a distant enough in front, hence during running, birds femur tends to strongly swing towards the back as opposed to the front (Martin 57). Two sets of dinosaurs namely the sauropods and the stegosaurs developed elephantine biased towards straighter-jointed columnar limbs. The knee structure was reorganized in that it maintained wholly articulated upright. More so, the mobility of the ankle was reduced whilst the hind limbs were kept short. This adaptation restrained the body fr om being pushed in to actual running irrespective of the size. For instance, young elephants always run at a slower pace as opposed to their parents in that at least one foot is always stack to the ground during high speed running. Dinosaurs with straight limbs should have been much slower in running than elephants whose speed is equal to or less than 15 meters per minute or 25kilometres per hour (Paul 245). Neither, is it an issue to ascertain that medium and small dinosaurs bearing lengthy, slender flexed hind limbs would run at similar speed to galloping mammals and terrestrial birds whose speed is between forty to sixty kilometers per hour. Challenges have been experienced in attempts to find out the highest speed in which heavy weight dinosaurs can attain. Some electronic technologies have claimed that tyrannosauras dinosaurs could attain a highest speed of approximately forty kilometers per hour equal to elephants of the same size which is the human beings sprinting speed. Sin ce large tyrannosaurus had better running adaptations as opposed to elephants, there lacks a likelihood of this kind of creatures having been slow, furthermore, some individuals indicates that enormous theropods capability to run was twice that of similar sized elephants and that this speed was equivalent to that of the non-thorough bred horses and rhinos. Till date, the electronic analysis of dinosaurs locomotion processes in addition to storage of energy in the already stretched tendons of the limbs and springing resonance effect of the tail and torso. Neither, has it occurred that the capability of the programs used in finding out the speed could successfully ascertain extreme animals’ performance as well as estimate the modalities on which extreme dinosaurs which include the supersaurapods were able to maintain an upright posture with minimal movements irrespective of their huge bodies.Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is very important to note, however, this query has lacked answers for many decades (Lockley 12). It is even more depressing to think about all this mystery since track-ways indicate that the vast surapods were terrestrial never the less, their appearance looks irregular and their weight cannot give support to elephants whose speed is low and which bears a small body size. The supersaurapods needed super muscles and power to run across Mesozoic lands. They also needed pretty adaptations like well built fiber muscles as well as tendons that have already been tensed to undergo evolution so as to enhance movement. If their muscles were pre-tensed then it is obvious that the huge dinosaurs might have very high running speed as opposed to computer analysis results. General Anatomy and Speed The heads of the dinosaurs ranged from delicate structures to well formed structures. The sinuses or nasal passages were well constructed something that was very popular with the archosaurs. Most dinosaurs maintained prominent orbital openings, where as in others the opening was nearly closed off. As opposed to other mammals that consist of prominent face muscles, and just like avian and reptiles, dinosaurs did not have muscles of the head thus the skin was in direct contact with the skull. This adaptation makes it easier for head restoration in dinosaurs as opposed to other mammals. The outside nares are located in distant place from their nose despite the extent of the nasal cavity which extends in the exterior. Among some set of sauropods, the nasal cavity have been found extended in the anterior part of the skull, over the sockets of the eyes. Previously, it was said that this adaptation enhanced snorkeling of the dinosaurs during submerging. Recently it has been purported that retracted nasal cavities evolved so that it can protect them from irritation as they fed on cactus. Most of the vegetation constituted of soft vegetation and this adaptation really helped the dino saurs. The flabby nasal cavity extended interiorly such that nares on the exterior were positioned in normally close to the snouts tip. Nothing can proof that dinosaurs had proboscis. The skin that covers huge cavities in the orbits anterior of most of the dinosaurs smoothly extended to the exterior. The muscles of the jaw also protruded outside the cavities of the skull of the orbital sockets. Snakes constituted fangs that were trimmed sharply. Amphibians on the other hand had teeth that could be seen upon closure of the lips. The amphibians also did not have muscles that covered the mouth cavity. This adaptation seems to be satisfactory to many of the sauropods and theropods (Lockley 78). One distinct species is the spinosaurs whose arrangement resembles that of a crocodile with the front teeth spaced widely in different sockets. Hence this set of dinosaurs might have lacked lips and their ugly lips left uncovered on closure of the jaws. Ornithischians came up with embryonic teeth . In therizinosaurs and Ornithischians the beak was based on the anterior of the mouth where as in theropods including most of the avian the teeth were replaced by the beak. Most of the birds with beaks do not have lips and cheeks .Never the less; condors have diminished mouths due to the fact that their side jaws are protected by elastic tissues of the cheek which vary from muscles of the cheek covering side teeth. For sauropods and Ornithischians the side teeth were always inset, the surrounding cavities constituted smooth surfaces including the foramen which extending the soft tissues. This implies that the well structured elastic cheeks enveloped the side teeth. This adaptation is clearly spelt out in Ornithischians and the tissues of the cheeks some which underwent ossification especially among the ankysaurs where cheeks protruded towards the beak. The dinosaurs trunk vertebrae moved in various directions such as the dorsal convex or the straight line that varied from feeble to strong (Strickberger 57). The nature in which dinosaurs articulated more so during ossification of the tendons of the spinal meant that their backs were more stiff as opposed to those of lizards as well as other mammals though dinosaurs trunk vertebrae were not jointed. Dinosaur ribs seemed to be more perpendicular yet this varied from one dinosaur to another. The hips and the stomachs of the carnivorous theropods were tiny indicating the diminished digestive system and also their running abilities. Large carnivorous dinosaurs could fast during hunger and porch for prey afterwards hence their stomachs remained hollow during the time of hunting. On the other hand, herbivorous dinosaurs had enlarged hips and bellies which extended to the very extreme in that it adversely affected the fattest dinosaurs. The ankylosaurs shoulder blades were more warped along the extended axis so that it fits on the abrupt change from shoulders which were narrow to the bulged abdomen. The muscles of the trunk were made light and this adaptation enhanced their movement. The gastrointestinal system was made flexible to aid in swallowing of food. The tail and the hip inclined con the same line as they appeared in vertebral of the trunk. Amongst the sauropods and therizinosaurs, the tail and hip were upwardly flexed with respect to the vertebrae of the trunk. This enabled the trunk to be clutched strongly anchored upwards whilst the tail and hips maintained a horizontal plane thus an upright posture of the head was increased where as the dinosaurs ability to run on the hind limbs was maintained. Since most of this animal’s weight concentrated on their hind limbs apart from the tail which acted to counter the weight of the body, most the dinosaurs reared upwards including those whose forelimbs were longer than hind limbs. Assessing the speed of Dinosaur A critical aspect to note in finding out the power and speed of dinosaurs is limb muscles mass, which constitutes a bigger perc entage of the sum of mass in the high speed mammals as opposed to slow speed mammals (Paul 45). Lack of muscles on dinosaur fossils has made it difficult to accurately ascertain the exact speed of dinosaur, the best that can be done is just but finding an approximate figure which has had discrepancies from one researcher to another. The complicated muscles of the limbs of the existing mammals find their roots in the history of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs preserved the plain structure reptile muscles which are prominent till date. For instance, the main muscle which are still visible in most dinosaurs and reptiles but lacking in mammals and avian are caudofemoralis tail based muscles that aided in pulling the legs backwards at the time of propulsive stroke. Despite the fact the exact muscle dinosaur sizes cannot be identified, their comparative sizes amid various sets can be estimated. A case in point is the hips of the reptiles which consists of an undersized ilium in that the muscles of t highs are forced to be narrow restricting their size. The extended iliac of the mammals and avian hold a powerful and broad group of muscles of the thigh (Paul 56). The ancient prosauropods and herreraurs ilium was undersized hence must have consisted of very tiny muscles of the thigh. Some of the dinosaurs had deep and extended ilium holding a very large group of muscles of the thigh promoting sustaining power. To some of the dinosaurs the trend was very extreme. On the other hand, tyrannosaurids and ornithomimids which belong to the family of ostriches consisted of large pelvis demonstrating the presence of distinctively enormous muscles of the legs with the ability to produce enough power during high speed propelling. Longer hips were observed in ceratopsid dinosaurs which enhanced large hind limb muscles which promoted the fast fending off of the muscles. Surprising the large ilium lacked in saurapod dinosaur. This is due to the fact that this kind of dinosaurs did not have to m ove fast. This is the same issue with the elephants which lacked huge muscles beneath the knees due the fact that the limbs in which the shank muscles support immobile and short. This was true of stegosauras and sauropods. Fast moving animals constitute a huge stack of shank muscles that manipulate the extended long, movable limbs through the tendons. For bipedal dinosaur such as avian, huge collection of limbs that resemble the drumstick muscles beneath the knee anchoring on enemial like projections in front of the joints of the knees. Bringing back dinosaurs entirely makes their surface contours to be so simple in that their tails, limbs, and legs into to tubes that are simplified tubes and smoothing above the body topography. Among the saurapods, the neck vertebra protuberance, were prominent on the necks as they appear in giraffes. Since the oesophagus and the trachea of sauropods well held up amidst the necks and their cervical ribs, the lower part of their necks should have be en flattened. As opposed to two legged dinosaurs, four legged dinosaurs are huge with enormous body weights. The dinosaur’s skeletons were adapted to bearing heavy loads as opposed to running. The 3-toed two legged dinosaurs used to walk on twos. This is what the cursorial dinosaurs adaptation to running. This feature is important and it has been well brought gout gin the modern avian which are ancestors of coelurosaurian. Digitigrades features enhance the length of the limbs since the metatarsal bones contribute to the length of the leg increasing the animals COG. An example is the limbs of human being which are used for jumping or running, during running, the runners sprint on their toes. Estimating the Maximum Running Speed of Dinosaurs William Sellers and Phillip Manning attempted to find out the maximum running speed of dinosaurs using robot. In their finding they noted that multiple body simulations by use of approaches such as evolutionary robots seem to give steadfast estimates of the highest speeds attained by dinosaurs (Strickberger 87). For instance, multibody simulations, with minor variations in patterns of muscle activation as well as starting conditions resulted to constant estimates. The ultimate running speed in animals is very technical and poses a lot of challenges in estimating this parameter. This is because as far one might try to estimate using an animal on pace, the animal might not run as fast as it could run. Furthermore most of the estimated values of the running speed of animals are given with regard to the observation findings which were conducted under compromising situations. The ultimate speed of running among dinosaurs differs from one species to another. Whereas the situation may deem to be straight forward in humans in that the two hundred meter sprint may be above or below 0.1 of a second the maximum speed attained can exceed the normal speed by 12m/s. The situation in humans is apt for well known athletes with well b uilt muscles as opposed to the estimations (Paul 67). The above estimates concur with the biochemical techniques which estimate eighteen meters per second among ostriches and thirteen meters per second for emu. The differences in the mass of muscles affects the maximum speed and these changes have a great influence on the average speed of the dinosaurs. Another method of measuring the highest speed attained by the dinosaurs is by estimation the loading capacity of the bones and the value compared to the speed of the animals whose speed is known. Conclusion All in all, dinosaurs were ancient reptiles that existed during the reptile’s period. These creatures dominated the planet hundreds and hundreds of years ago and faded way as time went by and until now we can only see the fossils. Dinosaurs were terrestrial reptiles whose locomotion was on an erect posture. The most unique thing about the dinosaurs was the structure of their distinct hips that caused their hind limbs to pro trude beneath their bodies and not spread out from the sides (Martin 56). When these animals evolved from ancient archosaurs, they were pedaling on twos but evolved to quadric-pedals. The evolution of muscles and the hip structure an adaptation that has enhanced its locomotion and other characteristics. Dinosaurs have been purported to have been the ancient reptiles that ran at a lightning speed (Lockley 78). However, there lacks a clear evidence to ascertain this claim. Some of scientists have tried to estimate the maximum running speed of these animals using conventional robotic instrument with no success. Dinosaurs have evolved from time and time and from the distinct creatures birds, crocodiles have emerged. In evaluating the speed and power is the mass of the muscles of the limb (Martin 67). Despite the fact that the exact mass of the muscles of limb cannot be determined due to the absence of the muscles on the fossils, their comparative size amid various groups can be produced . Scientist has tried estimating the maximum speed of dinosaurs. Approximating the speeds of dinosaurs differ from one method of estimation to another. For instance, some scientists have argued that young children might out do their counterpart in running. The various methods of evaluating the ultimate speed that can be achieved by dinosaurs are the same techniques which can be put to task in evaluating the speed of the animals in today’s world. For instance, the dinosaurs walking speed range between four to six kilometers per hour to six kilometers the ultimate running speed has been purported to range between thirty seven to eighty seven kilometers per hour. The ultimate speed which has been said to be the maximum speed of the dinosaurs is the current speed of the fastest terrestrial Animals. This speed differs from one species to another and it is also dependant on the approach used. Each approach used has its own confounding factors that yield different results. Lockley, Martin. Tracking Dinosaurs: a New Look at an Ancient World. Denver: CUP achive, 1991.Print Martin, Anthony. Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. Print Paul, Gregory. The Field Guides. New York: Princeton University Press, 2010.Print Strickberger, Monroe. Evolution. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning, 2005.Print

The Best IB Geography Study Guide and Notes for SL

The Best IB Geography Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re an IB Geography SL/HL students in search of some extra free help, you’ve come to the right place. Whether you're looking for IB Geography notes for a test on a single topic or cramming for the final IB Geography papers, this guide has all the information you need. I created this IB Geography study guide using the best free online materials for IB Geography and ordered the materials following the newly-revised IB Geography SL/HL syllabus. How To Use This Article If you want to study a specific topic, use the Command + F function on your keyboard to search this article for specific IB Geography notes. For example, if you hope to read about Population change, use Command + F to bring up the search function. Type in â€Å"Extreme Environments† and it will bring up all of the study materials for that topic. I separate the resources into: Notes : notes (generally 2-4 pages) if you want a summary of each overall topic. Some resources also have video explanations. Case studies: case studies for each topic to help you better understand that topic using specific real world examples. If you’re looking for summary material to help you study for the IB Geography papers, check out the notes with supporting video for each topic. These notes are brief and great for a quick refresher. How To Use This Guide Throughout the School Year Use this guide throughout the school year as a review for in-class quizzes if you need more help learning the material. You need to be mastering the topics throughout the school year and not just waiting to cram before the IB Geography papers. The Best Study Practices for IB Geography Make sure you’re practicing related IB Geography past paper questions as you learn each new subject. You can find free IB Geography HL and IB Geography SL past papers here. Also, if you’re having difficulty understanding your in-class lesson, you should be reviewing the corresponding chapter in a textbook or this study guide. Common Study Mistakes IB Geography Students Make For IB Geography, there are lots of topics to master, so you can’t fall behind. Common mistakes students make are: #1: Trying to avoid the material you didn't learn in class. If you didn’t understand it in class, you need to find more help whether through this article or tutoring. #2: Only studying a week or two before the IB Geography papers. You will not be able to master all of the topics below in only a week or two (that is why the course is spread out over 1 to 2 years). Make sure you are learning the topics as they’re taught to you in class. Use this article for additional support learning the topics: Part #1: Geographic Themes- 60 Hours for SL, 90 Hours for HL The IB Geography syllabus gives you seven options for study. If you're on the SL track, you'll need to master two subjects; if you're on the HL track, you'll need to master three. Part#1:Geographic Themes Option A: Freshwater Topic 1: Drainage Basin Hydrology and Geomophology Notes: Comprehensive unit guide Unit notes with video references Case Studies: The 2010 Pakistan Floods The Three Gorges Project in China Topic 2: Flooding and Flood Mitigation Notes: Comprehensive unit guide Unit notes with video references Case Studies: The Nile and the Mississippi Topic 3: Water Scarcity and Water Quality Notes: Comprehensive unit guide Unit notes with video references Case Studies: USA/Mexico water conflict (scroll down to bottom of the page) Topic 4: Water Management Futures Notes: Comprehensive unit guide Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Integrated Drainage Basin Management Option B: Oceans and Coastal Margins Topic 1: Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: 1997/1998 El Nià ±o Typhoon Haiyan case study Topic 2: Interactions Between Oceans and Coast Places Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: South China Sea conflict (scroll down to bottom of the page) Topic 3: Managing Coastal Margins Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Bimini development case study Topic 4: Ocean Management Futures Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Oil spills case study Option C: Extreme Environments Topic 1: Characteristics of Extreme Environments Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Uranium mining in Niger Trans-Alaska pipeline (documentary) Topic 2: Processes Landscapes Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Dust Bowl case study Soil erosion and solutions Topic 3: Managing Extreme Environments Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: The Aral Sea Topic 4: Extreme Environments Futures Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Acacia Project in Senegal (scroll down to the bottom of page) Option D: Geophysical Hazards Topic 1: Geophysical Systems Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Montserrat volcano (scroll down to the bottom of page) Fracking causes earthquakes (scroll down to the bottom of page) Topic 2: Geophysical Hazard Risks Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit study flashcards Case Studies: The Chernobyl disaster case study Topic 3: Hazard RiskandVulnerability Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: The 2010 Haiti earthquake Anchorage, Alaska earthquake case study Topic 4: Future Resilience and Adaptation Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Impact of climate change on vulnerable countries Large scale action on climate change Option E: Leisure, Tourism, and Sport Topic 1: Changing Leisure Patterns Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Leisure in China Leisure in the United States Topic 2: Tourism and Sport at the Local and National Scale Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: The NBA league in North America Topic 3: Tourism and Sport at the International Scale Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: London Olympics 2012 Rio Olympics 2016 Topic 4: Managing Tourism and Sport for the Future Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Ecotourism in Kenya Option F: Food and Health Topic 1: Measuring Food and Health Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Famine case study Topic 2: Food Systems and the Spread of Disease Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Global life expectancy Topic 3: Stakeholders in Food and Health Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: HIV Malaria Topic 4: Future Health and Food Security and Sustainability Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Comprehensive list of case study topics Option G: Urban Environments Topic 1: The Variety of Urban Environments Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Habitat for Humanity in Manila Topic 2: Changing Urban Systems Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit notes with video references Case Studies: Urban deindustrialization (scroll to the bottom of page) Infrastructure growth (scroll to the bottom of the page) Topic 3: Urban Environmental and Social Stresses Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit SlideShare notes Case Studies: Redlining the New Deal Topic 4: Building Sustainable Urban Systems for the Future Notes: Comprehensive notes Unit SlideShare notes Case Studies: Phoenix, Arizona: The Least Sustainable City in the US Part #2: SL and HL Core: Geographic Perspectives- 70 Hours SL/HL Since this is core knowledge, both SL and HL students will be tested over the following material. Topic A: Population Distribution- Changing Population Knowledge Area 1: Population and Economic Development Patterns Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Internal migration in Mongolia Population distribution in China (scroll down to bottom of page) Knowledge Area 2: Changing Populations and Places Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Forced migration in Syria (scroll down to bottom of page) Knowledge Area 3: Challenges and Opportunities Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Life expectancy in Japan Human trafficking in Thailand TopicB: Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience Knowledge Area 1: Causes of Global Climate Change Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: List of potential case study topics Knowledge Area 2: Consequences of Global Climate Change Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: How climate change affects agriculture Knowledge Area 3: Responding to Global Climate Change Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Geoengineering Topic C: Global Resource Consumption and Security Knowledge Area 1: Global Trends in Consumption Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: The rise of the global middle class Knowledge Area 2: Impacts of Changing Trends in Resource Consumption Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Canada and water security Knowledge Area 3: Resource Stewardship Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Circular economy case study Part #3: Geographic Perspectives: Global Interactions- HL Only, 60 Hours If you're HL, you'll also be tested over the following three topics. Topic A: Power, Places, and Networks Knowledge Area 1: Global Interactions and Global Power Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Global power players Knowledge Area 2: Global Networks and Flows Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: The narcotics trade Knowledge Area 3: Human and Physical Influences on Global Interactions Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: World's most isolated places Multi-governmental organizations (European Union case study) Topic B: Human Development and Diversity Knowledge Area 1: Development Opportunities Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Additional unit notes Case Studies: Cambodian indigenous minorities fight tide of development Knowledge Area 2: Changing Identities and Cultures Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Additional unit notes Case Studies: Jamaican diaspora in London and Toronto (scroll down to bottom of page) Knowledge Area 3: Local Responses to Global Interactions Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Anti-immigration movements Topic C: Global Risks and Resilience Knowledge Area 1: Geopolitical and Economic Risks Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Global supply chain risks Knowledge Area 2: Environmental Risks Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: Smoke and haze crossing international boundaries Knowledge Area 3: Local and Global Resilience Notes: Comprehensive unit notes Unit notes with video reference Case Studies: List of potential case study topics Part #4: Internal Assessment: SL and HL Fieldwork- 20 Hours In order to do well on theinternal assessment, students have to meet the following criteria (which we've taken directly from the IB Geography syllabus): #1: Students must demonstrate knowledge and understanding of specified content#2: They must demonstrate application and analysis of knowledge and understanding#3: Students must demonstrate synthesis and evaluation#4: Studentshave to select, use, and apply a variety of appropriate skills and techniques With that in mind, here are two examples of successful internal assessments: The Internal Assessment: A Step-By-Step Guide This guide walks you through each step of the Internal Assessment by walking you through a sample topic (urban renewal in East Berlin) Examples of the Internal Assessment This site includes sample cover pages, booklets that go over data collection, and even a PowerPoint introduction to the assignment What’s Next? Learn more about IB Geography: Every IB Geography Past Paper Available: Free and Official Learn more about other IB Classes: Every IB English Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Math Studies Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB History Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Non-state Actors Different From a Nation-State Actors Essay

Non-state Actors Different From a Nation-State Actors - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that security stability of a given country or state is significant for peace maintenance and general economic development a stable society will attract investors hence the government should ensure that there is political stability in the country. The present research has identified that national interest is the basis of any nation if it is to fulfill what they intend to accomplish and are willing to protect its territories using its citizens, ideologies or its territories. Security not only has effects on the affected nation but also to other neighboring nations. In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper, when terrorists attack a nation it is seen as a global calamity. This has led to the establishment of security bodies dealing with international overseeing of security both international at the local level. Economic development in a nation is an indicator of high standards of living and thus government and non-governmental organ izations provide services, which aims at improving the economic state of the nation. International relations and realization of a stable nation have been a concern to government and various bodies this has led to the establishment of organizations foreseeing the overall security. Non-state actors and nation-state actors are examples of organizations establish to oversee security. The two organizations were set for a core role of security they, however, differ in several ways. This paper is going to outline the difference between non-state actors and nation-state actors. Non-state actors are organizations participating in international relations; they are entitled authority to influence and bring changes despite not being citizens of to the institution in the state they are located. The entrance entitled non-state actors into the international relations eliminates the postulation of realism and other theories of international relations. These theories argue the fact that interactions existing between various states contribute significantly in the study of international activities. Non-state has a significant impact on the society they are, however, not government representatives they include large private corporations, the Red Cross and private media among others. Nation-state actors are organizations representing the nation-state they are situated, they are citizens of that nation and their main role is to represent their government. They include bureaucrats, diplomats, elected leaders, and militants. The two types of actors have the main role of serving the people of different nations they are, however, different in terms of methods of operations and roles they perform. Nation-state actors represent the state officially; non-state actors, on the other hand, do not represent the state and are there to perform duties assigned. They are members of NGO’s and thus responsible to their sponsors. Formation of non-state occurs at the same time in different parts of the world their formation is recognized in states their situated, nation state were formed at a different place and time in various parts of the world. Nation-state actors are responsible to the government and their actions and undertakings are controlled by the state, for example, commissions created to investigate assigned issue in a nation have its activities monitored by the government. Non-state actors are not responsible to the government of the state they are situated they are an independent body, for example, The Red Cross undertakes their role without consulting the government they just follow the set guidelines. Non-state actors do not have a host state to be considered in instilling pressure on its leaders the Irish Republic Army during its operation in Britain operated as an independent entity without influence from the host state. Nation-state, for example, defense forces is controlled by state or its p atrons in instilling pressure in performing its duties, the patron appointed give out directions and orders during the delivery of their dutie

Law of Tort, Fundamentals of Business Law Essay

Law of Tort, Fundamentals of Business Law - Essay Example In the fair child's case, the industrial employers had a duty of care towards the employees in ensuring that:- A man purchased a bottle of ginger-beer from a shop to be used by his girlfriend. But the bottle in which the beer was contained was opaque and it was impossible to clearly see its contents. It was later found that the beer contained remains of a snail on pouring out the beer. The girlfriend got sick and sued the manufacturer for damages in tort. It was held that the defendant was liable since he owed her a duty of care to ensure that the bottle should contain any other objects apart from the beer itself. Under the tort of negligence, the plaintiff cannot successfully sue the defendant unless he/she proofs that he was injured. Even if damage is evident, the plaintiff must also proof that he suffered injury directly attributable to the damage. The plaintiff might suffer injury not directly attributable to the damage. If this is the case, his action will fail. 2 In Fairchild's case, the workers inhaled excessive asbestos and contracted mesotheliona, a cancer associated with the inhalation of such substances. The injury here is this disease suffered. This would give the worker an automatic a way to sue their employers for damages. The situation would have changed had the workers not contracted the disease or any injury of a similar nature. The employers know very well that excessive inhalation of the asbestos would cause the disease but they did not take reasonable steps to avid it. Standard of Care Apart from just the duty of care that one owes his neighbour in his actions that he ought to have him in contemplation, there are cases where standard of care need to be shown. The courts have the burden to proof whether the defendants had standard of care. A standard of care is thus expected from an ordinary prudent person in a given situation. If a person has placed himself or made others believe that he can execute a given task, then he owes his clients a standard of care to do such a task without harming the client. A doctor for instant in a reputable hospital owes a patient a standard of care and should carry out his work expected of a doctor from such a hospital and expect to be given such a standard of care. 3 Causation of Damage under Negligence The general rule under negligence is that the burden of proofing negligence would lie on the plaintiff. But in case of accidents in the workplace, the plaintiff need not proof negligence if that accident could not have occurred were the defendant not negligent. In such cases, the plaintiff relies on the principle of 'Res Ipsa Loquitor" i.e.; let the facts speak by themselves. The burden of proof then shift to the defendant. The defendant would then convince the courts that the accident would still have occurred without his own negligence. 4 If the defendant successfully argues that he was not negligent or convinces the world