Role of Genomics Educated Nurses

Role of Genomics Educated NursesGENETICS ROLE IN HEALTH CARE OF PATIENTS 1Evidence ground Practice Paper on catchings Role in Health C are of PatientsMinimol ShebeenAmerican Sentinel UniversityEvidence Based Practice Paper on Genetics Role in Health Care of PatientsEvidence-based practice (EBP) is the incorporation of clinical skill, patient advantages and the best research evidence into the decision-making process for patient care. clinical expertness relates to the clinicians gathered knowledge, education and clinical abilities. The patient brings to the encounter his or her own soulfulnessal likings and curious concerns, hopes and values. The finest research verification is normally open up in clinically significant research that has been organized using sound methodology. (Duke University health check Center Library, 2013). The majority of complaints jeopardizes, health situation and the remedies used to treat those conditions has a genic element impacted by lifestyle, env ironmental and other factors, and therefore affecting the whole treat profession. Nurses have intimate knowledge of the patients, familys, most communitys perspectives and an understanding of biological supports. Nurses in addition have experience with genomic technologies and teaching along with skills in communication and building coalitions and most importantly, the publics trust. Nurses are well positi atomic number 53d to incorporate patrimonial and genomic information across all aspects of the United States health care system. Nurses, the most trusted health professionals, remove unique contributions to the field of human genetic science and genomics and complement the work of other health care providers to improve the health of the public (Calzone et al., 2010). This paper looks into the role of genomics educated retains in saving lives and improving health care quality.Genetic EngineeringAccording to The capital of South Carolina Electronic Encyclopedia (2013), geneti c coordinateing is the use of different methods to engineer the genetic material of cells to change hereditary features to produce biological products. Various techniques are used, includingUse of hybrids of quickly proliferating cancer cells and cells that make a subscribeed antibody to make monoclonal antibodiesPolymerase chain reaction in which complete copies of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fractions are made and used in DNA fingerprinting.Gene splicing, in which DNA of a wanted gene is inserted into a DNA of a bacterium which then reproduces itself producing to a greater extent of the wanted gene.Genetically engineered outputs include bacteria intended to break toss off industrial waste products and oil slicks, drugs like human insulin, human and bovine growth hormones and interferon. It may also degrade plants that are resistant to insects, diseases and herbicides, that yield harvest or vegetables with desired qualities, or produce toxins that act as pesticides. Genetic eng ineering methods have also been used in the direct gene change of livestock and laboratory animals (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2013).Legal and Ethical IssuesAccording to Lea (2008), genetics have developed to include the effect of a persons entire genome, environmental elements and their joint effects on health. This growth is creating new, gene-based technologies for the preview, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of two uncommon and common diseases, such as cancer, center field disease, diabetes and stroke. New genomic breakthroughs and their implementations bring great expectation for a more personalized appeal to treat disease. While these new indications raise expectations for disease prevention and treatment, they also bring hard ethical issues to patients and healthcare providers in a similar way. Some of the ethical challenges for nurses arePrivacy and ConfidentialityWho shall have reach to genetic information? Who owns and commands it?How can families settle differences when some members want to be tested for a genetic disturbance, and others do not?DiscriminationShould managements be able to need course appliers to take genetic tests as a requirement of employment?Unbiased Access to Genomic TechnologiesResource-poor countries, the uninsured, rural and inner-city communities how might genomic science and treatments be made available to those with less reserves?Rare genetic conditions who provide invest the progress of treatments for genetic disorders that affect a comparatively small number of people?Influence of Genetic DataHow does a persons genetic data influence that individual and societys feeling of that individual?How do genes and genomic facts affect fellows of minority populations?According to National Human Genome Research Institute (2007), certain ethical, legal and social issues research areas identified as the main challenges for the future of genomic research keen property issues skirt the approach to and use of g enetic knowledgeEthical, legal and social factors that impact the interpretation of genetic data to improved healthProblems surrounding the manners of genetic researchIssues surrounding the use of genetic knowledge and technologies in non-health care backgroundsThe impact of genomics on notions of race, kinship, ethnicity and individual and group identityThe associations for both individuals and society of unveiling genomic inputs to human features and conductsHow different individuals, cultures and religious practices view the ethical boundaries for the uses of genomicsMandatory ScreeningNewborn screening is a growing use of genetic examination. A technology called Tandem Mass Spectrometry is now being used by many state neonate screening programs, permitting screening for more than 24 distinctive genetic disorders using one easy test. This widened newborn screening raises new issues about well-informed decision making. As illustrated by the American Academy of Pediatrics, geneti c testing varies from other types of medical testing in that it provides information about the family. For example, a diagnosis of Phenylketonuria (PKU) made in an child through newborn screening means that the infants parents are carriers, and that they have a 25 percent chance with each future maternalism for having another child with PKU. Each of the parents siblings has a 50 percent chance to be transporters. Thus, the screening results may have related social, psychological and financial essays. Parents who are carriers may have psychological risks which may comprise parental responsibility. A child diagnosed with a genetic condition may face descended identity and risk insurance and employment unequal treatment. At present, most states have mandatory newborn screening agendas that require all infants to be screened unless the parents deny. This is called informed dissent, with least information supplied to parents. An informed consent process, on the other hand, would inclu de talk with the parents about the risks, restrictions and benefits of newborn screening before consenting to the testing. Having an informed consent procedure for newborn screening has the attitude for faster and efficient responses to positive aftermaths. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that pediatric providers give parents the needed data and counseling regarding the risks, benefits, and limitations of newborn screening, and that they assist with genetics professionals and prenatal care providers in providing this difficult information to the parents. There are currently two states that require informed consent for newborn screening, medico and Wyoming. Thirteen other states need that parents are well-informed about the newborn screening ahead the testing is done on their infant. All but one state, South Dakota, permit parental rejection of newborn screening for religious or personal reasons (Lea, 2008).Healthcare Providers Role in Gene TherapyThe nursing pr ofession is a crucial contributor of the finest health care services and is key to ending the gap between research breakthroughs that are effective for health care and their lavish adoption to optimize health. Every year, over 106,000 people in the United States will die from wayward effects from medicaments ordered and dispensed in be dosages, and over two million will bear grave but not life-threatening toxicities. Among individuals 65 years of age or older, 17.3 percent of adverse drug event related emergency department visits were connected with warfarin, the majority of, which were do drugs-related with 44.2 percent needing hospitalization. Individual genetic markers are among the fuck offs that add to the decision of warfarin dose conditions. A strong nursing element, can decrease the extent of life-threatening hemorrhage or sub-therapeutic dosing that can result in thrombosis as an outcome of individual responses regulated by genetic structure. Despite an expanding body of evidence with the addition of genetics and genomics to health or illness, the proof specific to results of genetically skilled nursing practice and the effect on the publics health is very insufficient. However, individual stories point to the chance for changing health care by the genomically competent nurse (Calzone et al., 2010).A nurse who is informed about genetics and trained at acquiring and reviewing risk in a family history have the possibility to help people avert adult-onset disorders and resulting morbidity and mortality. More than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are identified yformer(a), of which approximately 5 to 10 percent will have an inherited vulnerability to the disease. A nurse case manager took a brief family pedigree of a woman to recognize any information persistent with an inherited vulnerability to cancer. The nurse recognized a paternal family history of early-onset breast cancer and her ethnic legacy, Ashkenazi Jewish, together induced her risk o f having a mutation in a breast cancer vulnerability gene. The nurse directed this woman to a cancer genetics professional. The proof points to not simply a reduction in morbidity and possible mortality, but also to a health care saving of hundreds of dollars per life year as an outcome of the nurses activity (Calzone et al., 2010).Annually, about 180,000 to 250,000 people in the United States will bear a sudden cardiac death. The nurses informed in genetics can aid people prevent sudden cardiac death. A cardiac echocardiogram was carried out by a cardiovascular advanced practice nurse (APN) on a patient who told the story about many family members who had died un judgely from a heart attack. Attracted, the APN obtained a family history and shared it with one of the cardiologists. everyplace a few years, the APN collected a broad many generation family history that comprised members situated in many states and many countries and found that many had died in their teens and early ad ult years. The family took part in a research study and final the gene and disease specific mutations were recognized. The women later arranged her appointment with a cardiologist. Over an eight-year period, she had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator placed, which cardioverted her on two different instances, proceeded by two ablation surgeries for atrial fibrillation. Later, the woman was pregnant with her first child. She described that her pregnancy was possible because of the APNs genetic proficiency and close supervision, education of other health care professionals participating in the womans prenatal care, and her direction and support throughout the pregnancy. In this family, the APN had prevented the premature death of many at risk family members by attending to and also inquiring into a family history over ten years (Calzone et al., 2010).In preconception and prenatal backgrounds, nurses have a chance to help families ready for a child with a genetic situation. Conge nital malformations are the main cause of infant death in the United States. A 48-year-old woman recollected her episodes with the birth and later death of her two children with distinctive chromosome disorders. She differed her fierce suffer with her first sister to her dramatically better encounter 10 years later with her second baby. When the woman was 30 years old, she got a call at work from the obstetricians office that her genetic screen was abnormal. A follow-up amniocentesis showed that her growing baby had Edwards syndrome. The woman selected to carry on her pregnancy. When her daughter was born, the mother mat very little assistance from the physicians and nurses. She described them as a task directed and very clinical. When she was released home with her baby the mother felt left fundament by the health care system her only contact with health care professionals being her babys pediatrician, who had never cared for a child with this disease during his 20 years of serv ice. After around ten years, the woman got to be pregnant with her child. Because of her age and history of having a previous child with a chromosome disorder, as a reassurance, the woman selected to have an amniocentesis. However, the results showed she was pregnant with a male fetus who had Patau syndrome. In comparison to her preceding experience, she was directed to a pediatric hospice service. The nurses and physicians skill about Patau syndrome and the expected clinical course was reassured to the woman. The nurse made sure all labor and delivery, and postnatal staff were informed about Patau syndrome and aware of the expected birth as well as the plan for relief attention. The nurse kept up touch with the woman during the pregnancy and gave hospice care during the womans sons 12-week life span (Calzone et al., 2010).ConclusionEvidence based practice in nursing is based on the idea that medical practices need to be adapted and amended based on the continuing cycle of evidence, theory and research. As the research continues new issues were found and theories are developed forcing changes in practice. Genetic engineering involves manipulation of the organisms genome utilizing biotechnology. Nurses work close to the patient more than any other healthcare professional. Due to the same reason nurses could easily find the changes in patients. Evidences show nurses who have the proper knowledge in genetics could save many lives and improve a patients quality of life. Therefore educating and training nurses and keeping them up-to-date with the latest technological advances will be an addition to the overall healthcare.ReferenceCalzone, K. A., Cashion, A., Feetham, S., Jenkins, J., Prows, C. A., Williams, J. K., Wung, S. F. (2010). Nurses transforming health care using genetics and genomics. Nursing Outlook, 58(1), doi 10.1016/j.outlook.2009.05.001Duke University Medical Center Library. (2013, December 06). What is evidence-based practice (ebp)? . Retrieved fr om http//guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/content.php?pid=431451sid=3529499Lea, D. H. (2008). Genetic and genomic healthcare Ethical issues of importance to nurses. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(1)National Human Genome Research Institute. (2007, November). ELSI research program. Retrieved from www.genome.gov/10001618The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. (2013). Genetic engineering. Retrieved from http//encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Genetic manipulation

Young Gangs And Criminal Behaviour In Malaysia

Young Gangs And Criminal Behaviour In MalaysiaAccording to the National Youth Development Policy in Malaysia (as cited in United Nations, 2002), community between the maturates of 15 and 40 atomic number 18 considered jejuneness. However, the United Nations defines youth, as those persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years. The Merriam-Webster (2010) defined youth as the time of carriage when peer little is young, the period between childhood and maturity. Statistically, youth cured 15 to 24 moderate to the largest proportion of the total population (Economic Planning Malaysia, 2010). The youths argon the future leading of tomorrow. at that placefore, the government of nurture and stressed on the development of youth. Recently, the government had allocated RM20 million to the 1Malaysia fund for youth development under the Bud part 2011 (Bernama, 2011). As youth represent to the biggest section of Malaysias population, their involvement in youth hoop and criminal behav iours has received great attention from everyone.According to the Oxford Advanced L realizeers dictionary (1997), the term clique flowerpot be described as a group of young people, who argon typically trouble near regularly associate together. Kennedy and Baron (as cieted in Ngail, Cheung, Steven, 2007) defined confederacy as a group oriented and committed to anti social, degenerate, and criminal activities. Howard (1997) stated that youth syndicate is a self-formed connection of peers having identifi commensurate leadership and embodied actions to carry out illegal activities.Background of StudyThe encounter behaviour among youth is an ever growing problem in Malaysia. A work revealed the gamble behaviour among adolescents revealed that truancy (34.4%) was the major risk behaviour and followed by loitering in public places (21.5%) bullying friends (14.4%), stealing (12.9%) and smoking (12%) (Hidayah, Hanafiah, Idris, Rosnah, Ibrahim, Nonnah, 2009).An academic analysis on the turn of horror in Malaysia showed that there is an increase of crime from 70,823 in year 1980 to 156,455 in 2004 (Sidhu, 2005) . This amount to an increase of 120 percent which indicated that crime rate has change magnitude dramatically. The crime index continue to grow from 156,315 aspects in 2003 to 224,298 cases in 2007 which indicated the increase of 45% over the past four years (Crime and Safety, 2008).The three major races of Malaysian are Malay, Chinese and Indian. The Economic Planning Unit of Malaysia calculated the population of Malaysia in 2010 stated that Malays (21%) constituted to the largest group Chinese (22.6%) and Indian (6.8%). Although Indian represents a small minority group, they progress to contributed to the criminal and family related problem. Mr. Ramli Yusuff, deputy national chief of detectives, disclosed that there were 38 Indian crime hoops in the Peninsular of Malaysia with a total extremityship of around 1,500 in 2000. Indians are a minori ty in the country but criminals from the ethnic group are committing the most number of serious crimes compared with otherwise races, he said (Concern in Malaysia, 2000). Aliran (as cited in Suryanarayan, 2008) provided statistical details that 40 percent of serious crimes in Malaysia are committed by the Indians furthermore, Indians recorded the highest number of those detained in prison.Chapter IILiterature reviewMost camp members begin their involvement in gang ups as youth. Snyder and Sickmund (as cited in Sharkey, Shekhtmeyster, Chavez-Lopez, Norris, Sass, 2011) reported that most gang members join between the ages of 12 and 15 years. Three former gangsters has been interviewed and reported to joined gang during their secondary give lessons life (Alagappar, Len, George, Lee, Wong, 2005). These studies indicated the crucial developmental period of youth is during the high school period.The Social Activities of Youth GangYouth gang engaged in various gang activities. Futrel l (as cited in Yahaya, Boon, Buang) stated that activities carried out by the gangsters in school consist of being harsh to teachers, threatening acts, stealing, and bullying or beating students. Another study indicated that youth gang especially high school students reported to have high prevalence of alcohol custom, engaged in natural adjureing, drug theatrical role and drug selling (Swahn, Bossarte, West, Topalli, 2010). Gang members have found to have great involvement in delinquent behaviors and the gang affiliation increases adolescents involvement in strength (Madan, Mrug, Windle, 2010).The youth gang issues in Malaysia have been frequently reported by the media. In 2006, news published in Daily Express regarding gang fights and guard rounded up eleven boys, among them were four secondary school students. At the same year, a group school girls engaged in gang fight by bullying another student was reported (The Star, 2006). This year, cases have been reported over n ewspapers. Guang Ming Daily (2011) reported that a gang of youth has been engaging in theft behavior and three teenagers has robbed and injured a sergeant. Recently, five men, aged 18 to 30 were arrested in connection with a clash involving 40 members of twain rival gangs. In the ensuing fight, at least five members were injured and two vehicles burnt (Tahir, 2011). Sin Chew Daily (2011) has revealed teenagers vandalized the public property a group of Mak Rempit refused to listen to advice and stabbed innocent person. The news being reported has indicated the significance of youth gang problems and the severity of the problems can range from vandalism to killing people. fortune Factors for Gang MembershipStrain theoryThe traditional strain theories stated that some single(a)s are drawn to crime when they are prevented from achieving cultural goals such as monetary success or higher social status (Froggio, 2007). A more conventional approach of strain theory suggested that if young people are treated badly, they become upset and respond with aggression, crime and other degenerate behaviors (Agnew, as cited in Froggio, 2007). Agnew stated that strain refers to relationships in which others are not treating the individual as he or she would like to be treated.Poverty. Sharkey et al. (2011) stated that people living in poverty experience strain due to the inability to come across the ideal economic success consequently, people may grow to feel despair and turn into criminal activities in order to achieve sense of gratification. There were 41 percent vagrants and beggars in Malaysia has been reported by Aliran (as cited in Suryanarayan, 2008) to be Indians. This may indicate the higher poverty rate is among the Indian community hence, they have higher risks to engage in crime. A recent research in Malaysia reviewed majority of bullies were from rural schools and families with low income (Uba, Yaacob, Juhari, 2010).Young people living in poverty may find it dif ficult to meet basic physical and psychological posits one way to earn cash is to join a gang heterogeneous in the drug trade (Gang, 2008). Gangs provide the perfect structure and leadership necessary to maximal criminal success (Sharkey et al., 2011).Inequality. Malaysias social workers and politicians said that Indians turn to crime because they feel marginalized from government development plans and lack equal education, business and job opportunities (Concern in Malaysia, 2000). When groups of people are denied access to power, privileges, and resources, they will often form their make anti-establishment group (Gang, 2008). Regan (as cited in Sharpe, 2003) explained that individuals joined gang as the gang provides sense of acceptance to them.Social control theoryThe control theory suggested that entry into deviant peer groups is a function of a lack of social control experienced by youth (Hirschi, as cited in pile, Howell, Hawkins, Pearson, 1999). Youth are less likely to join a gang if they are committed and able to adapt to the community expectations (Sharkey et al., 2011).School. School as a social control organization contributed to a childs adaptability to community expectation. High academic expectation and teachers expectation tend to play the role. The risk factors identified in joining a gang imply academic failure negative labeling from teachers low commitment to school high delinquent in school (Hill et al., 1999).Social acquisition theorySocial learning theory believed that people learn by modeling. The role models of family members and peers tend to be the most influential in youngsters.Family. Family members are important models from whom youth learn from. Howell (1997) indicated that family members in a gang will contribute to the risk factor of youth for gang membership. Other studies related to family revealed that students with no parents, students from broken family and poor family management had great odds of joining gang (Hil l et al., 1997). Consistently, the findings obtained from Alagappar et al. (2005) interviews indentified former gang members in Malaysia were from troubled and lack understanding family (refer to Appendix A Appendix B).Peers. In self-report studies, association with deviant or delinquent peers is consistently one of the strongest predictors of an adolescents own delinquency (Esbensen, Peterson, Taylor, Freng, 2009). Affective ties to delinquent peers are also strongly and consistently linked with youth gang involvement (Sharkey, et al., 2011). Consistently, a study of gangsterism in Malaysia secondary school showed that friends were the most influences referred to by the students as compared to their family (Yahaya et al., 2001). Other peer-related factors included limited or lack of association with pro-social peers or low commitment to positive peers (Howell, 1997).Cognitive developmental theoryCognitive developmental theory regards inadequate cognitive development as a cause of delinquent behaviours and gang involvement (Ngai, Cheung, Steven, 2007). Cognitive development manifests itself in ones ability to process and analyze information in order to formulate solutions to problems (Husband Platt, as cited in Ngai, Cheung, Steven, 2007). Raine (as cited in Ngai et al., 2007) explained that the ability involves empathy, perspective thinking, and ethical reasoning which are cognitive guides of ones behaviour. Ngai et al. further discussed that delinquency arises out of ignorance of others. As a result, anger, quarrel, and even fury against others may croak due to inability to understand and tolerate others.Maslows hierarchy of needsAccording to Maslows model of hierarchy, people have basic hierarchal needs, which include physiological (hunger, thirst, shelter), safety (security and protection), belongingness (love, affection, family, acceptance, friendship), esteem (self-esteem, achievement, recognition, respect), and self-actualization (self-fulfilment Maslow, 1970). Findings from several youth gang research have been found to support Maslows theory.Physiological needs. A focus group of youngsters who associated with gang, aged 17-21 were interviewed by Alagappar and her group in 2005. When the researchers asked the participants what makes them more likely to join gangsterism, majority of the participants answered in need of material goods and money.Safety. A recent study reviewed by Taylor, Freng, Esbensen Peterson (2011) demonstrate that most youth reported joining a gang for protection. Research in Malaysia has found that some students were victims of bully before they join into a gang (Alagappar et al., 2005 refer to Appendix C).Belongingness. In a qualitative analysis, an ex-gangster was asked why he joined gangsterism, he replied 9 out of 10 of my friends are gangsters I would be left out and alienated if I do not join them (Alagappar et al., 2005). This result further supported the social learning theory as youth obtain the sense of belonging and identity through peers (refer to Appendix A).Esteem. Alagappar et al. (2005) indicated that one of the reasons youngsters involve in gang is to gain popularity and recognition from other students in school (refer to Appendix A). Additionally, joining gang will provide higher privileged for youngsters to vent out their anger. Once in a gang, self-esteem is increased through power, wealth, and status (Sharkey et al., 2011). Sharkey and his group further described that gang provide members with self-esteem and respect that they do not receive from others.Gang can function as adaptive social mechanisms for satisfying needs of some youths that are not met through traditional and socially acceptable means. Gangs offer many benefits that are unmet in their homes, schools, and neighborhoods (Sharkey et al., 2011). Regan (as cited in Sharpe, 2003) explained that gangs serve a valuable role in the development and socialization of an individual as they seek the appro val of their peers and their identities acceptance and identity is provided by the gang and thus makes membership an attractive possibility. Studies postulated that failure in academic or social areas motivates youth to antisocial behavior and involve in gang provide self-esteem, peer acceptance, increased pride, feelings of empowerment, and a sense of family, where other institutions have failed to provide (Kee, Sim, Teoh, Tian, Ng, 2003).Youth Gang and SuicideMadan, Mrug, and Windle (2010) worked on a sample of 589 ethnically diverse adolescents indicated that gang membership was associated with suicidal behavior. As gang members reported higher level of delinquency and witnessing community violence, this will mediate the effects of gang membership on suicidal behavior. Thus, higher involvement in criminal activities and witnessing violence may be responsible for increased suicidal behavior in adolescent gang members. Adolescent gang members not save are at risk form harming oth ers but also themselves. Additionally, violence exposure is associated with an increased symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (Suglia, Staudenmayer, Cohen, Wright, 2009). As the gang members exposed to violence frequently, the risks for them to develop post-traumatic stress disorder is high which will in turn contribute to the suicidal behavior among youth gang members.CHAPTER IIIDISCUSSION CONCLUSIONThere was several risk factors found associated with youth gang membership. Although each risk factor has been reviewed independently, the exposure to multiple risk factors may increase the risk for gang membership. Analyses of the effect of exposure to multiple risk factors done by Hill et al. (1997) indicated that exposure to greater number of risk factors in childhood greatly increased the risk of joining a gang in adolescence. In other words, youths may be resilient to the disadvantage posed by several individual risk factors, but as these accumulate, this resiliency may dete riorate and delinquency may result (Esbensen, Peterson, Taylor, Freng, 2009). Thus, exposure to multiple risks factors will increase the probability of problem behavior such as violence or gang membership. The case studies in Malaysia indicated several factors that students joined gang (refer to Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C). The factors include family problem, academic failure, peer pressure, being bullied, to gain protection, to earn recognition, being recognized and have privilege in expressing anger.From the developmental perspective, youth are experiencing physical and psychological changes. The period of youth has been recognized as transient, characterized by typical trials and tribulations (Idris, Yee, Tamam, Hamzah, Wong, 2008). In some circumstances, due to difficulties experienced, youth may manifest behavior that is deviant, abnormal and distressing. During this period, the socio-cultural milieu plays an important role in molding youths value and culture. Parenting, peers, school and society thus are vital in shaping youth.Western countries have contributed to the major part of intervention toward youth gang. A school-based gang prevention platform, Gang Resistance Education and Training (G. R. E. A.T.) in United States has shown positive preliminary results in reducing gang affiliation and delinquency (Howell, 1997). This programme provides students with age-appropriate skills to deal with life stressors. At the same time, the programme offers training for parents, schools and police officers to develop them to deal with youth gang problem. Malaysia as a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic country, the use of intervention with youth should be wise and well considered.The major problem that needs to be addressed is the lack of awareness on Malaysian on the youth gang issues. The insufficient of youth gang research done locally has lead to the lack of prevention and treatment programme to deal with youth gang issue in Malaysia. This is the major limitation for the implication of intervention toward Malaysian. More studies involving the cultural diversity of Malaysians need to be conducted in order to get a better understanding of the profile of youth gang and the risk factors for gang membership, in turn enable better treatment and prevention protocol. leave-taking B INTERVENTION PROGRAMMEProgram Title Esprit de CorpsAim To prevent and reduce students from involving in gangAs most researchers indicated that the risky age of youth to be involved in gang is during the secondary school years (Alagappar, Len, George, Lee, Wong, 2005), this intervention programme is designed to target secondary school students. This is a school-based programme that will be carried out during classes, in order to involve full participation of students in the school. Instead of naming the programme of anti-gangsterism, an attractive and alone(predicate) name has been designed. The word Esprit de Corps means unity to strengthen the bond among stu dents, and teacher. Various programmes will be carried out during the month of April and May (refer to Appendix D, overview of programme). programme 1Educational programmeAccording to Thraser and Lal (as cited in Yahaya, Boon, Buang, 2001), the concomitant of youth gang is often out of the sight of the teacher. Therefore, the outgrowth step to evaluate the occurrence of youth gang is to identify its existence. The programme will begin with an educational programme targeted on teachers. Training will be provided to teachers, in order for them to reach activities during the month of Esprit de Corps.Purpose to increase teachers awareness and understanding of the phenomena of youth gang and to equip teachers with the knowledge of youth gang in Malaysia and the skill to help student in need.Duration 1 month (once per week)WeekDurationPerson In ChargeObjectiveDescription19am-12pmSpeaker Social pro allowarianRaising awarenessThe professionals served to provide information to the teach ersBrief introduction on youth gang in MalaysiaPrevalenceWhere, when, how, and why youth gang cases happen in schoolRisk factorsQA session29am-12pmRegistered counsellorTo equip teachers with the knowledge of youth gang in Malaysia and the skill to help student in need.Counsellors distribute their experience and skill while handling with the youth gang casesRole play session39am-12pmCounsellor and Social doer process the teacher to be well prepared and be confident when handling the real situationFocus on case study to sharpen teachers management skillInformation exchange with the professional to have a better understanding on handling the youth gang issues.49am-12pmSocial Worker and TeachersTo prepare teachers to run activitiesTo modify better activities before implementationRun activities (drama, debates, poster design, groupbuilding games) that will be carried out with the students.share information and idea on how to strengthen the activities to match with the purpose.Month A pril (every Saturday)Various activities that attempt to reduce students impulsive and risk-seeking tendencies are carried out by teachers after undergo the training.Programme 2 Ex-gang member testimonialPurpose Create awareness about youth gang and consequences of joining youth gang through talks and sharing by ex-gang member. fundament StudentsDuration 1 hourVenue School hallDescriptionA former gang member will be invite to share his experience. There will be a brief introduction on the ex-gang member background. He will share about the reasons that he joined gang and his experiences as a gang member, as well as what makes him feel regrets and what had changed him. Due to his real life experience, his words may have greater impact toward students.Programme 3 DramaPurpose Provide student a chance to involve with different character and understand the different roles of youth in different situation.Duration 30 minutesVenue schoolroom (during moral class)DescriptionA class of student s will divide into four groups. distributively group will get a different title (bystander, cultural differences, vandalism and fighting). The students will be presumptuousness a week of time to prepare for the drama. Each group will be presenting on each week. Other students will be the audience. Through this, the performer can get into the role and able to think as if they were in the shoes of others. In the end of the drama, pupils are invited to share their ideas and feedback will be collected. For example, the group with bystander will be assign to a scenario and it is accompany by the roles card which include Bully, Bullied, Bystander, Collude, and Challenger. The students will have to play different roles in order to enhance their emphatic feelings.Programme 4 beak DesignPurpose Enable student to express their own view on youth gang and Esprit de Crops in drawing form.Duration 1hourVenue Classroom (During art class)DescriptionA3 drawing paper will be provided and students need to prepare their own drawing material. The best drawing will be voted by students in the same class and the best poster will be printed on T-shirts and sell to the public. The fund collected will be used in the next community caring program.Programme 4 Community Caring ProgramPurpose increase youths moral convictions, social conscience/responsibility, and altruistic set through helping others visiting underprivileged people may help students to be grateful.Duration 5 hoursDay SaturdayVenue Orphanage, old folks home, subject matter for disabled, rehabilitation centers, shelter home and other related places.Description The teachers will discuss with their class to decide a place for them to visit. Students can buy some daily utensil through the collected fund or donate the money to the center. Besides that, they may prepare some activities to interact with the people at the center. Also, students may work together in cleaning the place and provide comfortable setting for the un derprivileged one.Programme 6 DebatesPurpose Provide a setting to let student to freely speak out their mind at the same time enhance their critical thinking skill.Duration 30 minutesVenue Classroom (During moral class)DescriptionThe title for debate is youth gang, voluntary or involuntary? The title will be given two days prior the debates. Each of the panel has to prepare their own information. During the day of debate, each team is given three minutes to arrange their information. The first debater of each group is given 3 minutes to make his introduction. The second debaters will have 4 minutes to voice out their point. The trio debaters will be given 5 minutes to argue the opponents point and affirm their stands. For the last debaters, 2 minutes will be given to reiterate their stands and conclude. An open discussion on the debate title will be held in class after the debate.Programme 7 Teambuilding gamesPurpose To enhance teamwork among students let them feel being involved, and accepted strengthen the bond among peers.Duration 30 minutesVenue School field or basketball court (During physical education class)DescriptionAll the students will be divided into small groups (8-10 people per group). Game instruction will be given. This game required team work where all members will have to get into the hula hoop which will be placed on the ground. The members in the circle can only stand with one leg. Group members need to help each other to ensure everyone is able to get inside the circle the group needs to pull through their position for at least 10 seconds. The game ends with an explanation on the purpose of game. Standing with only a leg is to illustrate that everyone has limitation and they need to tolerate and help each other in order to accomplish the given task.

Corporate Strategy for Iranian Car Industry

Corporate Strategy for Iranian rail cable car IndustryAbstractThe purpose of this investigate is to come cross guidances an prepareive and implemental schema for Iranian railroad rail air gondola labor to let an export role player in the essence-East region. With consideration the substanceingance of foodstuff place information for multinational political machine clerics, the Middle-East foodstuff is evaluated and Iran as a case study is looked over in toll of its potential political machinemobile foodstuff and developing opportunities in Iranian car assiduity to become a manu itemuring partner for international(a) players. Through out a re suck in of Iranian economy and the position of simple machine sector in Iran economy, the difficulties of growth and development, the role of brass- as the regulator- ar discussed outlinely and the effect of orbiculate elevator car piddle awayrs -in the past and later(prenominal)life- is analyzed. On this basi s, we point out the main troubles of the current simple machine industrys structure and the giving medication plight to set its policies. At the end we suggest a reform in the structure and scheme of both assemblers and suppliers to enter to the international commercialises.Keywords Operation strategy Iran railroad car industry Globalization, Regionalization, Industry studyIntroductionIrans sparing performance has begun to improve slowly later a go of recession which was ca accustomd by the long and dear(p) war with Iraq and fluctuations in oil prices. In the decade ending in 1998, GDPs growth per crowns started to rise, although the median(a) was only 3 percent per year. (Economic reports, the World Bank Group)The automobilemotive industry, as one of Irans almost promising industries, was the farmings speedy exploitation industry with the bonny annual growth of 27.2% between 1995 and 2000 which was 5.5 fourth dimensions of the country average industrial growth . (Economic Focus, Iran Daily News).The interior(prenominal) vehicle work is growing quickly precisely it is bluely protected, and only in highly exceptional circumstances gage Iranians import cars from abroad. Locally produced cars obtain a reputation for brusk tonicity and bemuse contributed to the dangerously high pollution levels. Also, Iranian firms were not competent to satisfy the home(prenominal)ated foodstuff in monetary value of quantity. Demand for railcars, in particular passenger vehicles, far exceeds the supply. In fact, more than than 450,000 people pre-purchase automobiles both year and wait approximately devil years to receive them.As a pass the government, which wants to raise unit issue and improve house servant industry in furrow with industrialization program, hopes to produce competition as part of the effect to make the economy less dependent on oil.In order to follow the market reform plans and earmark better circumstances for the cou ntrys main industries such as petrochemical industry, textile and etc, President Khatami (since August 1997- 2005) in 1999, announced an ambitious program to privatize several major(ip)(ip) industries which included auto industry as a part of wide-cut restructuring of Iranian economy.Currently 13 public and privately owned auto maker exist in Iran. The largest vehicle manufacturing company is Iran Khodro with an average shargon of 60.90% percent of domestic vehicle production, as the main government- view asled carmaker and Saipa is the second one with 32.70%. succeeding to the development program, automakers need been encouraged to re examine the way in which their strategies entrust be demonstrable in the rising and to extend a range of strategy options that might enhance their position. Consequently, most Iranian auto makers have been encouraged to sum of money ventures or any antithetical strategic alliances with contrary auto manufacturers to encounter the increasing imply (www.ikco.com).On the other hand, in tone at the automobile market generally, during the past few years, it might be observed that aft(prenominal) a period of growth from 1997 to 2000 -resulting from the exceptional bonanza in US economy and the upturn in Europe-but the automobile market especially in North the States and Europe has entered a consolidation phase because of overcapacity. The market is mature in real countries such as those of Western European countries and US market where to the highest degree 90% of sales of unsanded vehicles atomic number 18 outright accounted by replacement purchases. Also, in Far East-Japan and South Korea-, overcapacity is a highly sensitive problem (REINAUD, 2001), whereas in Middle-East region, vehicle out put is 6% of total globose output in comparison with 29% in Europe and 30.2% in US (carmakers yearly report,*DRI). Thus, some auto manufacturers might be looking at for new methods to penetrate the auto market in Middle-Ea st in order to gain more market sh ar over their competitors.If these companies do become partners, Iran will be an option to emerge as a major regional car manufacturer, serving the Middle East beside Other countries in the region, particularly Egypt and misfire which have substantial car assembly arrangements.The pursuance companies have signed cooperative check overments and their products are either already on the market or are to be introduced in the near futureFrances Peugeot with Iran Khodro.Koreas Kia Motors with Saipa.Frances Citroen with Saipa.Korean Daewoo and Kerman Motors.Optimus of the UK with Renus.Proton of Malaysia with Zagros jibe to the French automaker Peugeot, Iran has one car for every 21 people. turkey has one for every 12, dapple Western European countries and Japan have nearly one car for every 2 people (www.peugeot.com). That indicates market growth potential, and the reason that hostile car manufacturer might be interested in the Iranian auto market .In this research the current auto industry spatial relation in Iran will be analyzed and it will be evaluated in relation to its future strategy incidental upon growth in terms of output quality and ability to serve the domestic market, but overly to play a major rule in region and become a truly international car manufacturer and exporter in Middle-East.To strike a rich understanding of the current situation and establish the purlieual position to meet the research objectives, other developing countries auto industry examples like China, India and joker will be investigated and analyzed as examples, bit the regional circumstances, argumentation environment and other particularized characters of Irans economy e.g. the role of government , economic condition and Irans jurisprudences will be considered to find out the most appropriate strategy for Iran car industry.The research head for the chosen topic is What would be the most effective strategy for Iranian car industr y to become a major player in the Middle-East market?From this research question, the future(a) objectives would be appropriate to evaluateTo evaluate animated methods of development strategy in the Iranian auto industry,To identify the best doable methods of development strategy for domestic and foreign companies,To recommend how such a strategy can be implemented.The background of the research is set with a brief discussion on the limitings have happened in the valet de chambre of auto industry, the consequent of globalisation, the dynamic and diversity of call for in auto market and the auto makers difficulties to re bring in to new market characteristics darn maintain the ability to make profit. Our goal in this paper is to externalise an efficient strategy to . The paper has the following structure. member 2 gives the brief literature review. discussion section 3 analyses the competitors in automobile Middle East market. atom 4 introduces the Iranian auto industry c ase. voice 5 presents the growth and development problems in Iranian auto industry. Finally, section 6 is devoted to conclusions and future works.The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 summarises the development of Iranian production and exports in the car industry compared to other major exporters in the world. It as well as explains why Iranian export growth has remained much below production growth. Section 3 develops the empirical export model and describes the variables and data. Then, the model is estimated in Section 4. Estimation results are analysed and a esthesia analysis is proposed. Section 5 estimates the Iranian export potential with regard to the main foreign markets, tour Section 6 concludes.Literature review biography of globalizationHumans have coined the word Globalization to describe amplely guiled activities that return place across the continents which are aided immensely by fall international trading regulations negotiated thro ugh the World Trade Organisation. Globalization is a combination of some(prenominal) -manufacturing, interchange in attend tos, supply reach management activities which have been affected unequivocally by a fast technological development in few populate decades. As Friedman (1999) argues, what is new today is the degree and forcefulness with which the word is being tied to drumher in to a signal globalized market place and village. What is also new is the sheer number of people and countries able to partake of today globalized economy and information mesh, and to be affected by them this new era of globalization is turbocharged.As it can be observed, that this noticeable international integration is not beneficial in economics, but in politics and cultures are as well. thus far, it take to be recognised that the speeding of these changes and growth of integration is antithetical across the world. In some countries and regions the trend of globalization is rapidly incr easing while in other parts the pace is much slow and globalisation is not welcomed at all. until now, regardless of the effects of globalisation no country can give to ignore its impact on their political and stinting circumstances. Likewise, the rate of change is different in assorted industries as is the strategic response of different business sectors to take advantages of exploiting new business opportunities.Although the merchandise job, smashing investment and labour migration started from 1850-1914, and the economy was more open than it is today in terms of the existing tariffs and hatful barriers, but it was not globalized. Just the year following the Second World War and through reconstruction of war, the world has started to establish institutions to open up trades and ensure currency stability such as GATT and IMF, which caused capacious increase in the economic growth level. According to Dicken (2003), world trade increased at an average annual rate of 6.7 per ce nt between 1948 and 1953. amid 1958 and 1963 the rate rose to 7.4 per cent and between 1963 and 1968 it accelerated further to 8.6 per cent. So people experienced a boom period up to 1970s when the showtime oil crisis has occurred.The join States, which suffered less during the Second World War, increased its foreign investment and after a while the US companies started to move into Western European countries and create interdependencies across world markets. Europe and Japan which mainly center on re drawing their economies after the war joined in this and also grow their positions in the market place and on the economic map after the mid-1980s. (Hill, 2005) Also, because of the necessity of promoting global interdependencies, the United Nations was established to maintain world peace and security department and so help the lot of industrialisation and world trade.The main number one woods of globalizationApart from the history of globalization in that respect were several main drive points that deepen the process of globalisation. From the Johnson and Turners (2003) point of view one of the main globalization drivers was the changing economic paradigm. The new onslaught for managing economy was based on limitation the government role and neo-liberalism. Limiting the role of government provides the situations for businesses to progress and boom. As the Hill (2005) says, major changes occur as new economic and political institutions develop, with movement from traditional, non emulous institutions to competition-based capitalistic economies and democratic institution. So the market was relied on to force the pace of competition. Little by petty(a) the liberal economy became an external economic insurance and the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trades (GATT) set up to computer backup this philosophy. As a result of GATT and afterwards its refilling organization- WTO-, there was a not bad(p) reduction in tariffs barriers and non-tariffs barriers for participating countries which help them established and spread their liberal economic policy.The second globalization driver is the spread of international governance and regulation. More international rules and policies developed for business environment, especially in regional level aimed at reducing the barriers in economic market among GATT contracting and WTO members. Also spreading e-commerce as a technological consequent has brought new extends in terms of traditional governance structure. Therefore, by passing the time and more international integration, the trade and market regulation were less under the national states control.According to Johnson and Turners (2003) argument finance and capital spread is another driver of globalization. Necessity of financial and capital movement following the market deregulation and economic liberalization has supported by national rules and has facilitated by technological development and ease the financial transactions. altogether might agree that the technological development, mainly in information applied science and communication sector, has played an important role in globalization. However none of them is the cause of globalization, Dicken (2003) argued, without these technologies the current involved global economy system could not exist. Shrinking time and space by innovated technologies was a great luck to reorganization and redefinition the commercial and sparing structure. approximately of industrial sectors are affected by innovations and changes in technologies especially in manufacturing system with a high influence on value chain. Transportation technology has changed dramatically from 1840 to 1960 which was a development period from steam locomotives to high speed aircraft. Therefore, new transportation systems and their wide example with cheaper prices have brought global shrinkage. Also in communication and its convergence with computer technology development has facilitated more effec tive ne cardinalrks deep down and between enterprises. All of these technological conveniences provide links across borders and spread globalization in economic term.Social and cultural convergence might be seen as a driver for globalization. The effect of mass media and usage of internet make the consumer preference more common in global market. As Johnson and Turner (2003) mentioned, standardised taste of consumer in different parts of the market creates the opportunity to promote global product. So we can claim that the cultural and social similarities make the conditions unattached for globalization. Also transferring new technologies has brought about more products in greater varieties at start out costs and prices. Consequently standards of living and peoples expectations rise as well.Mode of entranceway and expansion methodsIn simple terms, globalization is an opportunity for companies to expand their market, their value chain and their business across borders. But the po int is how effective can companies use these opportunities to make more profit and enjoy sustainable growth. What factors should they consider to make decision to choose an investment option to carry on their development strategy?Global supply chain and its dimensionsApart from different modes of entry available for firms to get advantages from globalization and to move across borders to expand their market, other advantages may be gained through developing global supply chains. The production of any good or service can be conceived as a production chain that is, as a transactionally linked sequence of functions in which each stage adds value to the process of production of goods and services. (Dicken, 2003)The firms try to differentiate their value chain in order to add more competences by utilise the advantages of each production chain requirement in different part of the world. However, build a global value chain might make it break while the control and management of a global network is more difficult. From Dickens point of view there are trio important dimensions in production networksFirst is governance which means how they are coordinated and regulated. In the case which varying combinations and interrelationships of different kind of companies and firms might perform in a production network, As Dicken says, the market is the main organizer of external transactions, in contrast with the case which the total network operated with a single firm and home(a) organizational structure governs transactions. (Dicken, 2003)The second important dimension in production network is spatiality and how they are conFigured geographically. By increasing the emergence of global production network, network organizing is changing from geographically concentrated to geographically dispersed.The third issue is territorial embeddedness the accomplishment to which they are connected in to particular leap political, institutional and social setting. (Dicken, 2003) info rmation technology and other new technologies have made space and distances meaningless. most(prenominal) types of capitals are mobile and all of them can considerably move from one place to another. However transportation and communication technology has developed as well, capital does moves within spaceless world. Place is still an important issue, as firms are highly affected by the cultural, socio-political and institutional context of the territorial they are embedded. Therefore transnational firms try to take advantages of differences within regulations and socials in various places while, bringing different state with different regimes in count within a production network makes the situation more complex to control and to take benefits from.Since 1999 and strongly growth of globalization, the same as other important and effective phenomena, globalization has a affirmatory view wave that strongly recommend it and a negative wave against it which moves from developing countr y to developed countries during these years. Arguments about globalization success or failures do not have any satisfactory result, while globalization can be observe and discussed to understand both negative and positive sides of it.Growth of regionalismAlthough the speed of globalization and integration in the world market has increased during past decades under the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and more of late by World Trade Organization (WTO), the regional transcription and the debate on the desirability of regionalism has grown as well. By the beginning of twentieth atomic number 6 most of the counties were part of a regional integration. However one might argue that the reason of regional integration is more political than economic explanation, it can not be ignored any more as almost 50 per cent of all world trade is within regional trade agreement. As a result of that, there is misgiving within WTO and other international institutions that regionalism tak es the place of globalization and make a stumbling block toward further global trade integration. (Lung Van Tulder, 2004) Nevertheless there are different forms of regional integration and each of them affects global market more or less while the time of their integration process is various.The dynamics of automobile marketAlthough some changes had happened in the composition and geography of automobile demand, the concentration of automobile industry in three major global regions governance auto companies in these regions with the overcapacity problem. The highly market-oriented of automobile production caused its development be based on affluent consumer markets to achieve the economy of scale. But during the years, the automobile consumer markets in three developed region has developed as well. As Dicken argued in the Global Shift (2003), the changing demand for Automobiles has three major characteristicsIt is highly cyclical.There are long term (secular) changes in demand.Ther e are signs of increasing market segmentation and fragmentation. ( Dicken, 2003)The competitorspatronage the fact that NAFTA, EU and Japan are the main developed region in both production and trade in auto industry sector, other countries have started restructuring this sector in line with their economic reform. The clear example might be China and India which both are gaining a sustainable growth in the last decade. Also Turkey has emerged as a new automobile producer in line with other industrial changes aim to become measure up to join European sexual union.Turkish auto industryTurkey auto industry has been developing due to the well strategic planning applied by the Turkey government by the way in which they open(a) their country to the global world. They have started their industry as a montage (CKD or SKD) in 1960 and have turned it to manufacturing part after a few years in 1966 trough licensing agreement and dealer-assembler with American and European firms. Gradually the government act to adapt an export-oriented strategy consequently it started to liberalize the import of cars gradually and reducing the tariffs. Meanwhile it provided some financial supports for upgrading themselves to international acceptable condition. But the main change which caused a revolution in Turkey car industry was the customs unionization agreement in 1995 with European Union which followed by a new restructuring in their auto industry.To harmonization the administrative and regulatory structure of the industry, Turkish government has established an accreditation council to prepare the documents for new interlingual rendition the issues and procedures of exporting in line with European countries. However the Turkey supposed to everlasting(a) the adaptation and remove all tariffs by 2001, they have not completed it yet and it seems the Turkeys auto industry has not well prepared for full liberalization. Although adaptation a new regime from Turkey government which obl igate importing vehicle companies to prepare service facility and aftermarket parts for customers within a country was a great opportunity for domestic firms to become involved with providing spare parts and services.Even though it was not a stable macro environment after 1997-1998 Russian and Asiatic crisis and again December 2000 crisis, the restructuring program caused some investment in car companies in Turkey in order to support economy of scale and encourage them to developed more update types of automobiles. Turkish manufacturers have operated in two car segment low speciality and medium models and the produced cars have already been phased out in their country of origin, added that these segments account for 90 per cent of the Turkish market. (Duruiz, 2004) political financial supports and investment on auto sectors attracted many foreign investors from 1995 onward, especially with aim to develop new generation cars and modernization the industry. Most of foreign car firms have gained relatively high share of the auto industry after liberalization to use the resources in Turkey and export to European countries through Turkey. gameboard 1 shows the main auto manufactures in Turkey and their share.As the effect of custom utilization agreement, the automotive sector had the 5th place in Turkey exporting in 2000, but the main effect has happened in fortune sector and it has increased relatively higher consequently auto sector export. It was also easier for component producer to upgrade their standard of their firms to get a competitive position in EU base on their lower labour wages. (Duruiz, 2004)Nevertheless Turkey has accepted liberalization in their trade but as they have not done the full integration, their case has become special. Mostly the Turkeys future economy highly depends on the European Union decision to accept it or not as a member of European Union which work to change their economic structure with the support from the IMF and Europea n Union.Indian auto industryEmerging of India in the world economy has been started by implementing liberalization and opened up most of the economic sectors to the global world in 1992. Looking historically at Indian car industry, it can be divided in four phase from the view point of Kim (2004). The startle point was in 1920s with assembly which was established by foreign companies. (General motor and Ford) It took two decades up to 1952 that Indian build up their domestic production firm. The governmental policy in auto sector is known as the main reason of no progress in productivity and technology in this sector for long period. (Kim, 2004) The third phase was started, after three decades, by making a join venture of Maruti Udyog -became nationalized in 1980- with the Suzuki motor company. According to this agreement a revolution had happened in Indian car industry. Increase the volume and standard was not just in auto makers but the change was occurred in the components indus try as well. (Venkataramani, 1990) The main and last phase was started by Indian economic reform after 1992 under the guidance of the IMF and World Bank. As it was anticipated, deregulation of auto industry in 1993 and the expectation of market growth in India according to the world have attracted international auto makers to invest in India. According to the foreign existence it was a dramatically fell of domestic firms share in India.Investment of foreign car makers, which were mainly in the form of crossroads venture with domestic firms, caused there-restructuring in the Indians motor industry. Apart from promotion of new models with more stylish design, portentous changes have happened in auto financing as well. Also numbers of component manufacturers invested in local firms to supply their assemblers. So Indian witnessed a wakeless change in the technology, infrastructure and managerial systems. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all expectations and anticipations about the fast econom ical growth after regulations in India and a positive view of auto makers about Indian market because of the level-headed population of middle-class, the estimates about rising in demand did not turn to reality. Apart from the problems which multinationals generally face in new emerging countries such as undeveloped supplier base, weak infrastructure and undeveloped regulations (Kim, 2001), Indian environment seems more complicated for them. Although the population was far enough to support ten auto makers, the companies face with overcapacity. The lack of demand in both domestic and regional market has become the major problem for multinationals auto makers in India.In terms of export from India to the neighbour countries also, the multinational car makers have not achieved any remarkable result. However the main reason might be the economic situation and poverty of South Asian countries which limit the demand for passenger car, we should not ignore the political and economical re lation of India with its neighbour. Despite the hopes after the South Asian Association for Region Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985 and the South Asian Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) in 1995, there was no significant growth observed in the South Asian trade relationship.Although the auto industry in India has not succeeded as it was anticipated, the auto component industry has occurred high progress in quality, technology and international standards. Now, in collaborate with foreign companies, they have become competitive in international markets and auto makers in India use their Indian suppliers to supply their other operation congeal around the world.Moreover, Indian government regulations disable multinational to import completely build automobiles to India. However the Indian government did not rig any limitation for on foreign ownership, instead 123 per cent tariff rates on import cars were forced multinationals to set up their assembly plant fully within India. And a hi gh tariff on finished components also was another issue that multinationals prefer to find their supplier within domestic firms. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all mentioned problem in India, multinational car makers seems still have a positive view about the Indian market. The potential existing market is there, but the matter is that when it will become visible.Chinese auto industryFollowing the economical reform in China, the Chinese policy makers focused on auto industry as a symbolic sector which shows the industrial development within a country. The need for technology and knowledge caused them looking for foreign partner to provide the required technology by setting up assembly plant which also generate and improve numbers of domestic firms as the suppliers to support the main assembly plants. So, in the mid-1980 three main cities of China (Beijing, Guangzhou and nobble) established a joint-venture with foreign auto makers supported by key and local government. (Thun, 2004)Each loca l government aimed to improve the local supplier network by its JV, but the assembly plants were looking for the better quality and lower price. Therefore in contrast with the local government and despite of geographical advantages of supplying from local firms, assemblers were habituation on outside supplier and most of them import 100 per cent of the components from outside unless they were forced by Chinese government to increase their required components from domestic firms. But even after the time assemblers shifted from outside supplier to domestic firms, the local government aim to improve their local network were failed as the JV sourced their parts from other regions. Therefore, as of 2003, just snatch could relay on their local auto sector and even though it did not meet the international standards, it became a dominant firm in Chinese auto market. (Thun, 2004)The ingrain success was the result of well support and strategic plans of local government and Shanghai Automob ile industry corporation (SAIC). In 1984, when the Shanghai established a joint-venture with Volkswagen (VW), non of local firms were able to supply the required component for the assembling plant and after two years their share increased by just 2.7 per cent. (Li, 1997) No significant achievement after two years caused Shanghai municipal government began to re-evaluate the problems within the sector and the capacity of individual firms to solve these problems. (Thun, 2004) Consequent of problem solving process, they discovered two necessity preconditions to facilitate improvement in domestic firms.The first one was a reorganization of the municipal bureaucracy responsible for auto sector oversight. They have set up an Automobile Industry wind Small Group in order to control the local actors. (Li, 1997)The second precondition was the capital accumulation and investment. To solve this problem the local government specify a fix tax and set up the localization office which was respo nsible to carry out a straightforward import-substitution policy for the imports in auto sector even from other Chinese regions. Also, the localization office checked out the list of imported components and their domestic firms which are capable of produce them successfully, then it provided a suitable investment capital as well as managing the firms relationship with the main assembler plant. (Thun, 2004)Apart from the local government programs, SAIC had its own way to support the Shanghai auto sector, however in some areas their activities overlappeCorporate Strategy for Iranian Car IndustryCorporate Strategy for Iranian Car IndustryAbstractThe purpose of this research is to come across an effective and implemental strategy for Iranian car industry to become an export player in the Middle-East region. With consideration the importance of market development for international auto makers, the Middle-East market is evaluated and Iran as a case study is looked over in terms of its pot ential automobile market and developing opportunities in Iranian car industry to become a manufacturing partner for international players. Through out a review of Iranian economy and the position of auto sector in Iran economy, the difficulties of growth and development, the role of government- as the regulator- are discussed briefly and the effect of international auto makers -in the past and future- is analyzed. On this basis, we point out the main troubles of the current auto industrys structure and the government dilemma to set its policies. At the end we suggest a reform in the structure and strategy of both assemblers and suppliers to enter to the international markets.Keywords Operation strategy Iran auto industry Globalization, Regionalization, Industry studyIntroductionIrans economic performance has begun to improve slowly after a decade of recession which was caused by the long and costly war with Iraq and fluctuations in oil prices. In the decade ending in 1998, GDPs grow th per capitals started to rise, although the average was only 3 percent per year. (Economic reports, the World Bank Group)The automotive industry, as one of Irans most promising industries, was the countrys fastest growing industry with the average annual growth of 27.2% between 1995 and 2000 which was 5.5 times of the country average industrial growth. (Economic Focus, Iran Daily News).The domestic vehicle production is growing quickly but it is highly protected, and only in highly exceptional circumstances can Iranians import cars from abroad. Locally produced cars have a reputation for poor quality and have contributed to the dangerously high pollution levels. Also, Iranian firms were not able to satisfy the domestic market in terms of quantity. Demand for automobiles, particularly passenger vehicles, far exceeds the supply. In fact, more than 450,000 people pre-purchase automobiles every year and wait approximately two years to receive them.As a result the government, which wan ts to raise unit production and improve domestic industry in line with industrialization program, hopes to stimulate competition as part of the effect to make the economy less dependent on oil.In order to follow the market reform plans and provide better circumstances for the countrys main industries such as petrochemical industry, textile and etc, President Khatami (since August 1997- 2005) in 1999, announced an ambitious program to privatize several major industries which included auto industry as a part of total restructuring of Iranian economy.Currently 13 public and privately owned auto maker exist in Iran. The largest vehicle manufacturing company is Iran Khodro with an average share of 60.90% percent of domestic vehicle production, as the main government-controlled carmaker and Saipa is the second one with 32.70%.Subsequent to the development program, automakers have been encouraged to review the way in which their strategies will be developed in the future and to extend a ra nge of strategy options that might enhance their position. Consequently, most Iranian auto makers have been encouraged to join ventures or any other strategic alliances with foreign auto manufacturers to meet the increasing demand (www.ikco.com).On the other hand, in looking at the automobile market generally, during the past few years, it might be observed that after a period of growth from 1997 to 2000 -resulting from the exceptional boom in US economy and the upturn in Europe-but the automobile market especially in North America and Europe has entered a consolidation phase because of overcapacity. The market is mature in developed countries such as those of Western European countries and US market where nearly 90% of sales of new vehicles are now accounted by replacement purchases. Also, in Far East-Japan and South Korea-, overcapacity is a highly sensitive problem (REINAUD, 2001), whereas in Middle-East region, vehicle out put is 6% of total global output in comparison with 29% in Europe and 30.2% in US (carmakers Annual report,*DRI). Thus, some auto manufacturers might be looking for new methods to penetrate the auto market in Middle-East in order to gain more market share over their competitors.If these companies do become partners, Iran will be an option to emerge as a major regional car manufacturer, serving the Middle East beside Other countries in the region, particularly Egypt and Turkey which have substantial car assembly arrangements.The following companies have signed cooperative agreements and their products are either already on the market or are to be introduced in the near futureFrances Peugeot with Iran Khodro.Koreas Kia Motors with Saipa.Frances Citroen with Saipa.Korean Daewoo and Kerman Motors.Optimus of the UK with Renus.Proton of Malaysia with ZagrosAccording to the French automaker Peugeot, Iran has one car for every 21 people. Turkey has one for every 12, while Western European countries and Japan have nearly one car for every 2 peopl e (www.peugeot.com). That indicates market growth potential, and the reason that foreign car manufacturer might be interested in the Iranian auto market.In this research the current auto industry situation in Iran will be analyzed and it will be evaluated in relation to its future strategy consequent upon growth in terms of output quality and ability to serve the domestic market, but also to play a major rule in region and become a truly international car manufacturer and exporter in Middle-East.To achieve a rich understanding of the current situation and examine the environmental position to meet the research objectives, other developing countries auto industry examples like China, India and Turkey will be investigated and analyzed as examples, while the regional circumstances, business environment and other specific characters of Irans economy e.g. the role of government , economic condition and Irans regulations will be considered to find out the most appropriate strategy for I ran car industry.The research question for the chosen topic is What would be the most effective strategy for Iranian car industry to become a major player in the Middle-East market?From this research question, the following objectives would be appropriate to evaluateTo evaluate existing methods of development strategy in the Iranian auto industry,To identify the best possible methods of development strategy for domestic and foreign companies,To recommend how such a strategy can be implemented.The background of the research is set with a brief discussion on the changes have happened in the world of auto industry, the consequent of globalization, the dynamic and diversity of demand in auto market and the auto makers difficulties to respond to new market characteristics while maintain the ability to make profit. Our goal in this paper is to propose an efficient strategy to . The paper has the following structure. Section 2 gives the brief literature review. Section 3 analyses the compe titors in automobile Middle East market. Section 4 introduces the Iranian auto industry case. Section 5 presents the growth and development problems in Iranian auto industry. Finally, section 6 is devoted to conclusions and future works.The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 summarises the development of Iranian production and exports in the car industry compared to other major exporters in the world. It also explains why Iranian export growth has remained much below production growth. Section 3 develops the empirical export model and describes the variables and data. Then, the model is estimated in Section 4. Estimation results are analysed and a sensitivity analysis is proposed. Section 5 estimates the Iranian export potential with regard to the main foreign markets, while Section 6 concludes.Literature reviewHistory of globalizationHumans have coined the word Globalization to describe widely traded activities that take place across the continents which are aided immensely by diminishing international trading regulations negotiated through the World Trade Organisation. Globalization is a combination of many -manufacturing, trade in services, supply chain management activities which have been affected positively by a fast technological development in few last decades. As Friedman (1999) argues, what is new today is the degree and intensity with which the word is being tied together in to a signal globalized market place and village. What is also new is the sheer number of people and countries able to partake of today globalized economy and information network, and to be affected by them this new era of globalization is turbocharged.As it can be observed, that this noticeable international integration is not just in economics, but in politics and cultures are as well. However, it needs to be recognised that the speed of these changes and growth of integration is different across the world. In some countries and regions the trend of gl obalization is rapidly increasing while in other parts the pace is much slower and globalisation is not welcomed at all. Nevertheless, regardless of the effects of globalisation no country can afford to ignore its impact on their political and economical circumstances. Likewise, the rate of change is different in various industries as is the strategic response of different business sectors to take advantages of exploiting new business opportunities.Although the merchandise trade, capital investment and labour migration started from 1850-1914, and the economy was more open than it is today in terms of the existing tariffs and trade barriers, but it was not globalized. Just the year following the Second World War and through reconstruction of war, the world has started to establish institutions to open up trades and ensure currency stability such as GATT and IMF, which caused massive increase in the economic growth level. According to Dicken (2003), world trade increased at an average annual rate of 6.7 per cent between 1948 and 1953. Between 1958 and 1963 the rate rose to 7.4 per cent and between 1963 and 1968 it accelerated further to 8.6 per cent. So people experienced a boom period up to 1970s when the first oil crisis has occurred.The United States, which suffered less during the Second World War, increased its foreign investment and after a while the US companies started to move into Western European countries and create interdependencies across world markets. Europe and Japan which mainly focused on rebuilding their economies after the war joined in this and also expanded their positions in the market place and on the economic map after the mid-1980s. (Hill, 2005) Also, because of the necessity of promoting global interdependencies, the United Nations was established to maintain world peace and security and so help the spread of industrialisation and world trade.The main drivers of globalizationApart from the history of globalization there were several ma in drive points that enhanced the process of globalisation. From the Johnson and Turners (2003) point of view one of the main globalization drivers was the changing economic paradigm. The new approach for managing economy was based on limitation the government role and neo-liberalism. Limiting the role of government provides the situations for businesses to progress and boom. As the Hill (2005) says, major changes occur as new economic and political institutions develop, with movement from traditional, non competitive institutions to competition-based capitalistic economies and democratic institution. So the market was relied on to force the pace of competition. Little by little the liberal economy became an external economic policy and the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trades (GATT) set up to support this philosophy. As a result of GATT and afterwards its successor organization- WTO-, there was a great reduction in tariffs barriers and non-tariffs barriers for participating coun tries which help them established and spread their liberal economic policy.The second globalization driver is the spread of international governance and regulation. More international rules and policies developed for business environment, especially in regional level aimed at reducing the barriers in economic market among GATT contracting and WTO members. Also spreading e-commerce as a technological consequent has brought new issues in terms of traditional governance structure. Therefore, by passing the time and more international integration, the trade and market regulation were less under the national states control.According to Johnson and Turners (2003) argument finance and capital spread is another driver of globalization. Necessity of financial and capital movement following the market deregulation and economic liberalization has supported by national rules and has facilitated by technological development and ease the financial transactions.All might agree that the technologic al development, mainly in information technology and communication sector, has played an important role in globalization. However none of them is the cause of globalization, Dicken (2003) argued, without these technologies the current complex global economy system could not exist. Shrinking time and space by innovated technologies was a great opportunity to reorganization and redefinition the commercial and economical structure. Most of industrial sectors are affected by innovations and changes in technologies especially in manufacturing system with a high influence on value chain. Transportation technology has changed dramatically from 1840 to 1960 which was a development period from steam locomotives to high speed aircraft. Therefore, new transportation systems and their wide usage with cheaper prices have brought global shrinkage. Also in communication and its convergence with computer technology development has facilitated more effective networks within and between enterprises. All of these technological conveniences provide links across borders and spread globalization in economic term.Social and cultural convergence might be seen as a driver for globalization. The effect of mass media and usage of internet make the consumer preference more common in global market. As Johnson and Turner (2003) mentioned, similar taste of consumer in different parts of the market creates the opportunity to promote global product. So we can claim that the cultural and social similarities make the conditions available for globalization. Also transferring new technologies has brought about more products in greater varieties at lower costs and prices. Consequently standards of living and peoples expectations rise as well.Mode of entry and expansion methodsIn simple terms, globalization is an opportunity for companies to expand their market, their value chain and their business across borders. But the point is how effective can companies use these opportunities to make more pro fit and enjoy sustainable growth. What factors should they consider to make decision to choose an investment option to carry on their development strategy?Global supply chain and its dimensionsApart from different modes of entry available for firms to get advantages from globalization and to move across borders to expand their market, other advantages may be gained through developing global supply chains. The production of any good or service can be conceived as a production chain that is, as a transactionally linked sequence of functions in which each stage adds value to the process of production of goods and services. (Dicken, 2003)The firms try to differentiate their value chain in order to add more competences by using the advantages of each production chain requirement in different part of the world. However, build a global value chain might make it fragmented while the control and management of a global network is more difficult. From Dickens point of view there are three imp ortant dimensions in production networksFirst is governance which means how they are coordinated and regulated. In the case which varying combinations and interrelationships of different kind of companies and firms might perform in a production network, As Dicken says, the market is the main organizer of external transactions, in contrast with the case which the entire network operated with a single firm and internal organizational structure governs transactions. (Dicken, 2003)The second important dimension in production network is spatiality and how they are conFigured geographically. By increasing the emergence of global production network, network organizing is changing from geographically concentrated to geographically dispersed.The third issue is territorial embeddedness the extent to which they are connected in to particular bounded political, institutional and social setting. (Dicken, 2003) information technology and other new technologies have made space and distances meani ngless. Most types of capitals are mobile and all of them can easily move from one place to another. However transportation and communication technology has developed as well, capital does moves within spaceless world. Place is still an important issue, as firms are highly affected by the cultural, socio-political and institutional context of the territorial they are embedded. Therefore multinational firms try to take advantages of differences within regulations and socials in various places while, bringing different state with different regimes in count within a production network makes the situation more complex to control and to take benefits from.Since 1999 and strongly growth of globalization, the same as other important and effective phenomena, globalization has a positive view wave that strongly recommend it and a negative wave against it which moves from developing country to developed countries during these years. Arguments about globalization success or failures do not hav e any satisfactory result, while globalization can be observe and discussed to understand both negative and positive sides of it.Growth of regionalismAlthough the speed of globalization and integration in the world market has increased during past decades under the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and more recently by World Trade Organization (WTO), the regional agreement and the debate on the desirability of regionalism has grown as well. By the beginning of twentieth century most of the counties were part of a regional integration. However one might argue that the reason of regional integration is more political than economic explanation, it can not be ignored any more as almost 50 per cent of all world trade is within regional trade agreement. As a result of that, there is fear within WTO and other international institutions that regionalism takes the place of globalization and make a stumbling block toward further global trade integration. (Lung Van Tulder, 2004) Ne vertheless there are different forms of regional integration and each of them affects global market more or less while the time of their integration process is various.The dynamics of automobile marketAlthough some changes had happened in the composition and geography of automobile demand, the concentration of automobile industry in three major global regions face auto companies in these regions with the overcapacity problem. The highly market-oriented of automobile production caused its development be based on affluent consumer markets to achieve the economy of scale. But during the years, the automobile consumer markets in three developed region has developed as well. As Dicken argued in the Global Shift (2003), the changing demand for Automobiles has three major characteristicsIt is highly cyclical.There are long term (secular) changes in demand.There are signs of increasing market segmentation and fragmentation. ( Dicken, 2003)The competitorsDespite the fact that NAFTA, EU and J apan are the main developed region in both production and trade in auto industry sector, other countries have started restructuring this sector in line with their economic reform. The obvious example might be China and India which both are gaining a sustainable growth in the last decade. Also Turkey has emerged as a new automobile producer in line with other industrial changes aim to become qualified to join European Union.Turkish auto industryTurkey auto industry has been developing due to the well strategic planning applied by the Turkey government by the way in which they opened their country to the global world. They have started their industry as a montage (CKD or SKD) in 1960 and have turned it to manufacturing part after a few years in 1966 trough licensing agreement and dealer-assembler with American and European firms. Gradually the government attempted to adapt an export-oriented strategy consequently it started to liberalize the importation of cars gradually and reducing the tariffs. Meanwhile it provided some financial supports for upgrading themselves to international acceptable condition. But the main change which caused a revolution in Turkey car industry was the customs unionization agreement in 1995 with European Union which followed by a new restructuring in their auto industry.To harmonization the administrative and regulatory structure of the industry, Turkish government has established an accreditation council to prepare the documents for new adaptation the issues and procedures of exporting in line with European countries. However the Turkey supposed to complete the adaptation and remove all tariffs by 2001, they have not completed it yet and it seems the Turkeys auto industry has not well prepared for full liberalization. Although adaptation a new regime from Turkey government which obligate importing vehicle companies to prepare service facility and aftermarket parts for customers within a country was a great opportunity for domestic fi rms to become involved with providing spare parts and services.Even though it was not a stable macro environment after 1997-1998 Russian and Asian crisis and again December 2000 crisis, the restructuring program caused some investment in car companies in Turkey in order to support economy of scale and encourage them to developed more update types of automobiles. Turkish manufacturers have operated in two car segment low medium and medium models and the produced cars have already been phased out in their country of origin, added that these segments account for 90 per cent of the Turkish market. (Duruiz, 2004)Governmental financial supports and investment on auto sectors attracted many foreign investors from 1995 onward, especially with aim to develop new generation cars and modernization the industry. Most of foreign car firms have gained relatively high share of the auto industry after liberalization to use the resources in Turkey and export to European countries through Turkey. Tab le 1 shows the main auto manufactures in Turkey and their share.As the effect of custom utilization agreement, the automotive sector had the 5th place in Turkey exporting in 2000, but the main effect has happened in component sector and it has increased relatively higher then auto sector export. It was also easier for component producer to upgrade their standard of their firms to get a competitive position in EU base on their lower labour wages. (Duruiz, 2004)Nevertheless Turkey has accepted liberalization in their trade but as they have not done the full integration, their case has become special. Mostly the Turkeys future economy highly depends on the European Union decision to accept it or not as a member of European Union which lead to change their economic structure with the support from the IMF and European Union.Indian auto industryEmerging of India in the world economy has been started by implementing liberalization and opened up most of the economic sectors to the global wo rld in 1992. Looking historically at Indian car industry, it can be divided in four phase from the view point of Kim (2004). The starting point was in 1920s with assembly which was established by foreign companies. (General motor and Ford) It took two decades up to 1952 that Indian build up their domestic production firm. The governmental policy in auto sector is known as the main reason of no progress in productivity and technology in this sector for long period. (Kim, 2004) The third phase was started, after three decades, by making a join venture of Maruti Udyog -became nationalized in 1980- with the Suzuki motor company. According to this agreement a revolution had happened in Indian car industry. Increase the volume and standard was not just in auto makers but the change was occurred in the components industry as well. (Venkataramani, 1990) The main and last phase was started by Indian economic reform after 1992 under the guidance of the IMF and World Bank. As it was anticipate d, deregulation of auto industry in 1993 and the expectation of market growth in India according to the population have attracted international auto makers to invest in India. According to the foreign existence it was a dramatically fell of domestic firms share in India.Investment of foreign car makers, which were mainly in the form of joint venture with domestic firms, caused there-restructuring in the Indians motor industry. Apart from promotion of new models with more stylish design, significant changes have happened in auto financing as well. Also numbers of component manufacturers invested in local firms to supply their assemblers. So Indian witnessed a fundamental change in the technology, infrastructure and managerial systems. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all expectations and anticipations about the fast economical growth after regulations in India and a positive view of auto makers about Indian market because of the sizable population of middle-class, the estimates about rising in demand did not turn to reality. Apart from the problems which multinationals generally face in new emerging countries such as undeveloped supplier base, weak infrastructure and undeveloped regulations (Kim, 2001), Indian environment seems more complicated for them. Although the population was far enough to support ten auto makers, the companies face with overcapacity. The lack of demand in both domestic and regional market has become the major problem for multinationals auto makers in India.In terms of export from India to the neighbour countries also, the multinational car makers have not achieved any remarkable result. However the main reason might be the economic situation and poverty of South Asian countries which limit the demand for passenger car, we should not ignore the political and economical relation of India with its neighbour. Despite the hopes after the South Asian Association for Region Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985 and the South Asian Preferential Trading Agreement (SA PTA) in 1995, there was no significant growth observed in the South Asian trade relationship.Although the auto industry in India has not succeeded as it was anticipated, the auto component industry has occurred high progress in quality, technology and international standards. Now, in collaborate with foreign companies, they have become competitive in international markets and auto makers in India use their Indian suppliers to supply their other operation plant around the world.Moreover, Indian government regulations disable multinational to import completely build automobiles to India. However the Indian government did not define any limitation for on foreign ownership, instead 123 per cent tariff rates on import cars were forced multinationals to set up their assembly plant fully within India. And a high tariff on finished components also was another issue that multinationals prefer to find their supplier within domestic firms. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all mentioned problem in India, multinational car makers seems still have a positive view about the Indian market. The potential existing market is there, but the matter is that when it will become visible.Chinese auto industryFollowing the economical reform in China, the Chinese policy makers focused on auto industry as a symbolic sector which shows the industrial development within a country. The need for technology and knowledge caused them looking for foreign partner to provide the required technology by setting up assembly plant which also generate and improve numbers of domestic firms as the suppliers to support the main assembly plants. So, in the mid-1980 three main cities of China (Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai) established a joint-venture with foreign auto makers supported by central and local government. (Thun, 2004)Each local government aimed to improve the local supplier network by its JV, but the assembly plants were looking for the better quality and lower price. Therefore in contrast with the loc al government and despite of geographical advantages of supplying from local firms, assemblers were dependence on outside supplier and most of them imported 100 per cent of the components from outside unless they were forced by Chinese government to increase their required components from domestic firms. But even after the time assemblers shifted from outside supplier to domestic firms, the local government aim to improve their local network were failed as the JV sourced their parts from other regions. Therefore, as of 2003, just Shanghai could relay on their local auto sector and even though it did not meet the international standards, it became a dominant firm in Chinese auto market. (Thun, 2004)The Shanghai success was the result of well support and strategic plans of local government and Shanghai Automobile industry corporation (SAIC). In 1984, when the Shanghai established a joint-venture with Volkswagen (VW), non of local firms were able to supply the required component for th e assembling plant and after two years their share increased by just 2.7 per cent. (Li, 1997) No significant achievement after two years caused Shanghai municipal government began to re-evaluate the problems within the sector and the capacity of individual firms to solve these problems. (Thun, 2004) Consequent of problem solving process, they discovered two necessity preconditions to facilitate improvement in domestic firms.The first one was a reorganization of the municipal bureaucracy responsible for auto sector oversight. They have set up an Automobile Industry Leading Small Group in order to control the local actors. (Li, 1997)The second precondition was the capital accumulation and investment. To solve this problem the local government defined a localization tax and set up the localization office which was responsible to carry out a straightforward import-substitution policy for the imports in auto sector even from other Chinese regions. Also, the localization office checked ou t the list of imported components and their domestic firms which are capable of produce them successfully, then it provided a suitable investment capital as well as managing the firms relationship with the main assembler plant. (Thun, 2004)Apart from the local government programs, SAIC had its own way to support the Shanghai auto sector, however in some areas their activities overlappe

Kate OFlaherty Chopins Biography Essay -- essays research papers fc

Kate OFlaherty Chopin was born 8 February 1851 into a prominent family in St.Louis, Missouri. Her father, Thomas OFlaherty, an Irish immigrant, was a successful St. Louis merchant who was killed in a railroad accident when Kate was only five years old. Kates mother, Eliza was odd a wealthy widow and raise Kate in a household "run by vigorous widows her mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother . . . a community of women who stressed learning, curiosity, and financial independence" (Toth, 187). Kate was formally educated at the academy of the Sacred Heart in St. Louis where she kept a commonplace book "in which the thoughtful adolescent recorded themes that appear in her later fiction, among them womens roles and the booking between desire and duty" (Toth, 187). On 9 June 1870, two years after graduating from the Academy, Kate married Oscar Chopin, the son of a planter from Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. They were married for twelve and a half years, spending ni ne in New Orleans and three in Cloutierville, Natchitoches Parish. During this time, Kate gave birth to five boys and one girl. "Devoting herself to her family and household, she still managed to reconcile the needs of her witness being with the expectations of her conventional milieu. She dressed unconventionally and smoked cigarettes long before smoking was an approved practice among women in her class" (Inge, 91). When Oscar died of malaria in 1882, he left Kate twelve thousand ...

Physics of Skydiving :: physics skydive

Acceleration.....Galileo demonstrated that an object falling only under the influence of gravity will experience a constant acceleration, i.e.., it gains the same amount of swiftness for every additional fleck that it falls. (5)On earth this amounts to 32.14 ft/sec/sec, meaning that it increases its downward velocity by 32.14 ft/sec for each second that it falls.If acceleration is constant, then it follows that the downward velocity V an object experiences at any time t after the start of the fall is given by V=g t where V=velocity (m/sec) t=time (sec) g=acceleration due to gravityOne roll in the hay also carry that the distance d fallen after time t is d= 1/2 gt2 where d=distance fallen (ft) g=12.54 ft/sec/sec for Mars t=time (sec)Furthermore, Galileo discovered that this acceleration is independent of the bodys mass, but dependent only on the strength of gravity on the planet. So, in the absence of an atmosphere, heavy things dont fall faster than lig ht things, but at moderate to large velocities even a thin atmosphere can have a significant effect on a falling bodys motion due to the effects of aerodynamic drag. (5)Freefall...When in freefall, a skydiver with arms and legs outstretched falls at about 120 mi/hr, with the arms in and the body in more of a diving get, the skydiver can reach speeds of up to 200 mi/hr. At this speed, many people believe that it is impossible to breath. Well, it is not impossible, but the truth is, you dont even need to breath because enough group O is absorbed through your skin to provide the blood cells with the required oxygen.This is also why jumpers do not jump on cloudy days or when they might risk going through clouds. The moisture in the clouds can condense on their exposed skin surfaces preventing the absorption of the necessary oxygen resulting in suffocation. (2) How fast do you fall?When you leave the aircraft, you are moving horizontally at the same speed as the aircraft, typicall y 90-110MPH. During the first 10 seconds, a skydiver accelerates up to about 115-130MPH straight down. (A tandem pair uses a drouge chute to keep them from falling much faster than this). It is possible to change your body position to vary your rate of fall.