Data description Essay Example for Free

Data description EssayThe next step of the analysis is to comp argon the come in order of the relative true component givings in Table 1, to the swan order of the profession-revealed grammatical constituent endowments in Table 2. Comparing these rank orders shows that both rank orders are identical, except that the rankings of farming and un-skilled delve are switched. Furthermore, this table demonstrates that the trade performance of Vietnam, measured by exports minus imports, is dependent on the agricultural-specific abundance of land, low-skilled labour.This implies that Vietnam has a comparative advantage in goods that make intensive use of unskilled-skilled and land, and a comparative disadvantage in goods that make intensive use of capital, intermediate and highly-skilled labour. The limitation of the study is that the absolute value of trade-revealed factor endowment (value of F the left hand side of equation 4) and the relative true factor endowment (value of the dependable hand side of equation 4) do not coincide.This may be due to five factors first, a key explanation is that each country uses different production techniques, these differences reflect factor endowment differences. Therefore, factor content studies that use a common technology matrix will systematically under(a)state substantial factor content. This leads to a failure in the as couplingption of factor price equalisation. Second explanation for the too soon failure to find factor content is an apparent bias in consumption towards locally produced goods.Third, although the input-output tables are becoming available for many countries, they are arguably not the highest quality economic data available. Fourth, the differences in the midst of the trade-revealed factor content and relatively true factor endowment also comes from the introduction of costs to supranational trade, which could have a strong effect on trade volume9. Finally, goods of intermediate factor intensi ty plunge into the non-traded sector, so we tended to underestimate the true factor content of trade.There is a systematic correlation amid country capital abundance and industry input usage not only in tradables (where this directly suggests specialization) but also in non-tradables (where this suggests factor substitution). Thus, a mismatch can occur in compute the factor content of trade and relatively true factor endowment. Some researchers are trying to constitute a new model that predicts some of the technology and demand modifications needed by the experiential factor content studies to make the Heckscher-Ohlin model fit the data.In addition to the two testifys, based on the figures in tugboat two and four, Spearmans and Kendalls correlation was computed. The value of coefficient is 0. 9 and the correlation is statistically significant at 97% level of confidence. In addition, Kendalls correlation was also performed for the rank test using information in column three a nd five, the coefficient is also 0. 9, and it is significant at 96% level of confidence. Therefore, findings of the sign test and rank test support the H-O-V theorem in trade between Vietnam and the domain of a function. 6 ConclusionThe HOV theorem on trade between Vietnam and the world was tested by measuring both true and trade-revealed factor endowments. Two non-parametrics tests were conducted, the sign test and the rank test. Since the sign test was completely successful and the rank orders of factor abundance according to both methods of metre are very similar, the HOV theorem is confirmed. The analysis of Vietnams factor endowments has shown that Vietnam has factor abundances in land and un-skilled labour, land whereas it has factor scarcities in capital, semi-skilled labour and highly-skilled labour.This implies that Vietnam has a revealed comparative advantage in goods that are intensive in the use of land and un-skilled labour and a comparative disadvantage in goods that are intensive in the use of capital, semi-skilled labour and highly-skilled labour. Therefore, the theory performed well, indicating that the relevant framework may be a reasonable framework for policy studies. In addition, studies of the factor content of trade may help in addressing policy questions of the impact of openness on national income levels and distribution.In fact, there already is a study mapping measures of the factor content of trade into impacts on domestic relative wages for the United States and other members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) under some conditions which such a mapping makes sense. This work has been very important in clarifying issues to be addressed in future work. A major area for future work is taking the empirical frameworks favored by the studies of factor content and find out the consequences of international integration on incomes and inequality.To sum up, study on factor content of trade bring out a deep sagaciousness of how resources may drive patterns of trade between a country and other countries, and between a country and a region.ReferencesBowen, H. P. , Leamer,E. E. , Sveikauskas,L. , 1987. Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance Theory, American Economic Review, 77791-809. Brecher,A. Choudhri,E. U. (1982), The Factor Content of International mountain without Factor-Price Equalisation, Journal of International Economics, 12277-283.

How far do you agree with Dr Johnson Essay Example for Free

How far do you concur with Dr Johnson EssaySamuel Johnson, or Dr Johnson as he was sometimes referred as, was a great English author who do enduring contributions to English literature. Being such(prenominal)(prenominal) a distinguished and renowned author, his views on literature were and noneffervescent atomic number 18 today, stern and well-known. However, I subscribe to views both agreeing with and oppo boobg Dr Johnsons view that Miltons employment wishs benevolent interest. Firstly, piece interest strictly speaking, is about everyday great deal just like us, being able to think to a story, and possibly break something from it and put it into practise in our own lives. The epic poem nirvana Lost concerns the Christian story of the Fall of Man, while dealing with more than present topics such a marriage and politics. Miltons purpose, as marchd in book I, is to justify the airs of graven image to men. This is a wide-cut base to start my argument on, which is that I do not agree with Dr Johnson, and believe that Miltons work does suffer benignant interest. By involving politics and marriage into his works, this is surely of human interest, as people will be curious and inquisitive about how things worked back then, and it is therefore of human interest if people want to learn about it.Milton states the purpose of his epic poem, and it is obvious that he intended promised land Lost to educate people about God. If anything, Paradise Lost holds universal human interest. The event in the poem concern the solely of the human race, as the single event of disobeying God and plucking a single apple has moulded the destiny of the world, and it should surely be of interest to anyone who is born into this world. People must be, and generally argon, curious about how their world evolved and how it reached the state of where it is now.If people are curious about this and eager to be educated on this topic, then they whitethorn read Miltons wo rk to learn about these events, and consequently are showing signs of human interest. Looking more in depth into Christianity, Christians believe that due to the event of Eve picking the apple, all humans are born with sin, and it is whether people choose to act on it or not that defines us. However, a big cipher to consider is whether people actually believe in God or not. Atheists wouldnt take any comment of this argument, let alone and interest of Miltons epic poem Paradise Lost.This is my argument agreeing with Dr Johnson and saying that Miltons work does lack human interest. To an atheist, they would take absolutely no interest in the Fall of Man, and wouldnt believe anything about God and heaven. Also being literal about it, for anyone, let alone an atheist, it is hard to relate to an event that happened such a long time ago, and we only know to be true from a book and split of believers. How do we even know that this happened? How do we even know God exists?These are all q uestions that are very important when answering this question. Many different theological issues are presented in the epic poem, such as fate, the introduction of sin and death into the world, as well as the nature of angels, heaven, hell and Satan. However, sin and death brooknot be ignored, even by atheists, as these two issues are both around us and will happen to us in our lives. So, this means that people are able to relate to these issues in Miltons works, and therefore showing signs of human interest.Also, nowadays, we are not scared of disobeying something that will have as broad of a consequence as picking the apple did. Anything that we do today is not going to have an huge impact on the world, affecting all of its inhabitants and the world itself. So, in this sense, it is hard to relate to Miltons work, and it can be said that it does lack human interest. Another literal relation that we can have with Paradise Lost is the consequences of picking the fruit relating to Go d, not just the event itself.Not only did God show his mercy and temperance in their punishments, but he also displayed his love and compassion through the Son, messiah Christ. Atheist or not, everyone learns about Christ and the Fall and it is whether you chose to believe it or not which is what makes people an atheist. In this sense, Paradise Lost does not lack human interest as it can always be cerebrate to and people are always taught about it, even if it was in the classroom and compulsory, or by their parents. The knowledge of Jesus Christ and the garden of Eden is general knowledge, and therefore must be of human interest.Also, the hard work that men and women have to endure, and the pain of giving birth for a woman are all consequences of Eve picking the apple off the tree and disobeying Gods only rule. And therefore, as we all make hard work, and the majority of women experience child birth, we can all relate to this in some way or another. So, having analysed and read t hrough this epic poem, I am going to disagree with Dr Johnson that Miltons work lacks human interest. I think that everyone can relate to Miltons work in one way or another.You could say, that if you were not able to relate to his work, then you havent related to the story of Creation and havent learnt about God or Christ. Also, you do not need to believe in all of the Creation stories and the Garden of Eden to have related to Miltons work. Above all, Milton is a fantastically talented writer, and that alone is a reason as to why Miltons work does contain human interest.Bibliography and Webography The Bible The Complete English Poems John Milton www. wikepedia. org www. sparknotes. com.

Instructional Design Essay Example for Free

Instructional Design Essay validational success primarily lies upon the quality of the people working with ay concerned arranging. Under this concept, soft skills must be essenti exclusivelyy established through efficient and effective hiring or recruitment methods and polished through perspicacious and functional prepare facilities and techniques. In essence, this was strategically applied by American Express by initiating an leng whenceed and all-encompassing pedagogy program that would address the technical and attitudinal qualities of its workforce in order to meet its bodily goals and objectives. Basically, the corporate training section at the American Express sought to train and empower the organizations distributed servicing network. But targeting this goal is not as easy as formulating corporate policies. on that point are factors and concerns to consider that is, to address the five Ws and one H in human resource focal point who may conduct the training, what kind of training program may be executed, where to carry it out, why is it needed, when get out it be bulged, and how will it be initiated. To the leaders of the America Express, training of the organizational workforce is needed in order to prepare its workforce for their corporate function, which is to communicate with and promote the come withs products and services to patrons of all terms, and from any part of the world and socioeconomic background. This initiative did not come without any purpose or goal at all. The organization, in determining that such workforce training was necessary, conducted extensive study and compensate perhaps consequence-benefits analysis so to justify the carrying out of said training program.The executives of the training department of the caller-up actually determined a number of years ago that they had to improve the workforces skills and cogency to communicate and interact with costumers around the world. Upon realizing that some represen tatives continued to struggle to master both content and confabulation ability, based on the assessment of Ms Beth Harmon, the acting vice president of operations training, the training department decided to install a simulated environment for new recruits preparation and training. The goal of the training is principally to successfully prepare the companys representatives for their organizational functions, which is to efficiently and effectively pass on to and communicate the companys products and services to prospective buyers from around the globe. As a result, new recruits were trained on how to turn time efficiently, how to ensure quality service, how to execute costumer treatment and how to observe availability. The challenge here is to initiate a different philosophy, which is the result of the transformation from an academic to a professional model. The goal of the training is basically to ensure and achieve quality murder on the part of the companys representatives an d productiveness and profitability on the part of the company. But it does not just end there. In may be inferred then based on the corporate acts that the companys executives wanted to provide for its costumers of any age and socioeconomic background that American Express does not just mean business in that it cares for and considers the costumers interests, satisfaction, and contentment. nigh of the special attributes of the training situation lies on the fact that every expectation of the costumers satisfaction and even viewpoint is taken into account. The integration of information technology makes it effective and reliable in ensuring that the following goals may be achieved simulations, role play, speech recognition, and close instruction and coaching support. The employment of the simulated call environment SIMON (Simulated Online Network) make the training program more effective. The training was developed by way of involving a holistic response that infuses or enmeshes an assortment of IT-based technologies into the training system, which includes those goals already mentioned above such as simulations, role play and so on. E-learning or virtual learning is part of the solution mainly because the tool by which the representatives communicate with and relay the companys products and services to costumers is essentially virtualized. As what Harmon said, technology is just the means or performer to get to the issues of the costumers. The training was implemented by starting with a pilot program, a way of considering the performance metrics. A two-day training was conducted and it was observed that two weeks hence, results were positive as there was substantial increase in Easy to Understand, Listening, Courtesy, which had 55 percent, 13 percent, and 8 percent ratings, respectively. The intended result of the training is to brace the representatives for these increase functions of relaying to and communicating the companys products and services to it s target market. But one of its purposes, particularly in the aspect of e-learning, is to know the issues of the costumers and the way to get it is through virtual learning. There is wholly one goal of this training to further establish American Express in the globalized market, thereby ensuring productivity and profitability. In measuring the effectiveness of the program, the company conducted a pre-assessment and post-assessment method in order to know whether the training resulted in positive changes. It then leveraged the training efforts and expanded the effects of learning in both globalization and work purpose. Overall, my impression of the organizations solution is that it fits well for the organizational goals and objectives, as well as the nature of its business. For being a company engaged in selling, it has to hone and improve the selling and communication capabilities and skills of its representatives. This training initiative all means that global competition is get ting stiffer and stiffer and corporate organizations, in order to survive, must not only need to brace their strategies and acquire new technologies, but must prepare and train their representatives as well.

Frankenstein and Blade Runner - Texts in Time Analysis Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Texts in Time Analysis demonstrateMany themes and ideas continue to reoccur among assorted school texts in time. However studying two texts in conjunction allows wholeness to observe how composers globeipulate ideas in order to more accurately connect to their context, and reflect the concerns and values of the time. by the comparative study of Mary Shelleys 1818 gothic novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scotts 1981 neo-noir cyber-terrorist film Blade Runner (Directors Cut), one can observe how in these two instructive and prescient tales, ideas of the dangers of unrestrained scientific progress and the Promethean overreaching of man are explored, with differences in values presented reflecting the different contexts between the texts. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein was created in an era of rapid technological change.By 1818, the Industrial variation had deeply influenced the fundamental constitution of society, while Enlig htenment inspired ideals of logic and autonomy of reason were enceinte in society. Her text accordingly reflects this, as seen in the protagonist master Frankenstein I am imbued with a fervent longing to penetrate the secrets of nature. This metaphor alludes to his passionate and desperate urge to uncover the secrets to the creation of life. Shelley yet critiques his intrusive scientific pur face and horrid creation by juxtaposing it with the beauty of nature.This is seen in the bucolic descriptions of natures sublime Mighty alps, whose white and shining pyramids and domes towered above all. Nature calms and dehumanises skipper throughout the text, just now master pursues science to the extent that nature loses its consoling ability, and thereafter the Arctic leads a pathetic illusion to mock Victors psychological and mental isolation. This criticism is further emphasised through the epistolatory narrative framework, which allows the text to begin in medias res.The first introduction to Victor is him in a declare of complete ruin, and so the text is a foreword of advice of the ramifications of amoral scientific forward motion. In a similar manner, Ridley Scotts Blade Runner was created in a time of rapid technological progress through the seventies and 80s. The emergence of the computer and communication age meant that the orbit became more centralised, with a growing concern that engine room was destroying the environment.Set in Los Angeles in 2019, the opening establishing shot of the expansive city immediately demonstrates the negative consequences of feral scientific advancement. The fire belching into the sky, the artificial city lights sparkling under a looming red-grey sky and the unrelenting synthetic pulses from the Vangelis soundtrack allude to Hades, making the city a vision of hell. The camera then zooms into the reflection of an eye, which depicts the artificiality of the adult male and introduces dystopian themes of paranoia and surveillance.Hence we can see that Blade Runner is representative of a grim incoming that Shelleys scientific hubris warned us of nearly two centuries ago. However there are alterations in the ideas shown to correspond the differing contexts of the texts. Mary Shelley argues that an excessive pursuit of science can lead to the ruin of an item-by-item man, seen in Victor Frankenstein. She also argues that nature is larger than man, evident in her highly Romantic descriptions of natures sublime.Ridley Scott however argues that man is overpowering nature, owing to the global concerns of pollution and deforestation in the 1980s. Hence Scott implies amoral scientific advancement will lead to the detriment of society as a whole, and not just at an individual level. Unequivocally, two texts explore the idea of the promethean overreaching of man and his tendency to usurp the role of God, through the characters of Victor Frankenstein and Tyrell.The subtitle of Mary Shelleys novel, The Modern Prometheus, refers to Victor Frankenstein, and his creation of the monster. A new species would bless me as its creator and source His creation however leads him to transcend the boundaries of man and elevate him into a god-like status, and this leads to Victors complete societal and mental isolation, where he loses sight of his responsibilities and the consequences of his actions. Victor compares himself to God, while the monster says to Victor I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, referring to himself as Lucifer.This means the text is given added complexity in that there is a duality between twain characters, where neither Victor or the monster are innately good or bad, rather they containing capacity for both, as they become two sides of a single entity, forming a doppelganger relationship. Finally, the literary allusion by Victor how could I enter into a festival with this deadly weight hanging round my neck? is a reference to the albatross in The Ri me of the Ancient Mariner, and shows the eternal punishment and guilt Victor faces from outstretching the boundaries of man and playing the role of God. and so it is apparent that in her text, Shelley attempts to warn of the dire consequences of mans promethean overreaching of the role of God. Correspondingly, the idea of man overstepping of the earthy order is heavily explored in Blade Runner. The film is the epitome of a dystopian world dominated by commerce. The initial low angle shot of the Tyrell Corporations grand ziggurat-like monolith reflects the rampant(ip) commercialisation and commodification of the world, while the blue light shining into the sky pertains to the usurpation of Gods role, and the diminishment of nature in modern society.The Tyrell Corporations dominance criticises the greed is good attitude of the 1980s, typified through the antagonist Eldon Tyrell Commerce is our goal here at Tyrell, More Human than Human is our motto. His thick glasses epitomize his failure to see the future consequences of his actions, much like Victor, and this adds to the eye motif of the film, where eyes are windows to the spirit and measures of humanity something which Tyrell clearly lacks.Roy Batty, the films role-reversed protagonist, is portrayed initially as a Satanic radiation diagram Ive done questionable things, akin to the monster being labelled daemon and devil in Frankenstein. However Scott makes a biblical allusion when Batty crucifies his own hand, and this relates him to Christ. Thus one can see how in both texts the composers warn of the dangers of usurping the role of god, showing the complexity and duality of man on Earth.Mary Shelleys romantic values however mean that through the character of Victor, she aims to criticise the overreaching aspect of Enlightenment, warning that those who do will be eternally punished. Ridley Scott however aims to condemn the overcommercialisation and increasing greed in society, utilize Tyrell as a figu re to represent mans obsession for power, and in such he criticises the society that we live in. In these ways it can be seen how the overreaching of god in both texts is used differently to resonate with different contextual values.Therefore, through a comparative study of both Frankenstein and Blade Runner, we can see how the common issues of rampant scientific and technological progress and the usurpation of the natural order is explored in both texts, however these ideas are varied slightly in order to suit the differing contexts. Frankenstein aims at questioning Enlightenment values, while Blade Runner condemns materialism, unhinged genetic engineering and material greed, essentially critiquing society and presenting a dystopian vision of the future.

Employment Essay Example for Free

Employment EssayOverview An elementary toy that is due to be shipped at the end of the week has failed quality control testing. A metal whistle has been shown to exceed the federal regulation guidelines for lead. The testing process showed the lead level for this particular toy tested at 103 split per million. The federal guidelines dictate that toys provoke non contain lead with more than 100 parts per million (OSHA, 2013). The projected equal to conform to federal guidelines and replace the whistle are projected to cost 0,000. This should take 3 weeks for completion. Facts pop off is naturally occurring, save it can be toxic to humans (EPA, 2013). It can cause serious medical checkup conditions, such as, hearing loss, learning disabilities, physical ontogenesis retardation and neurological damage. Lead gathers in the personate quickly and increases at a fast pace if it exceeds federal guidelines. Children because of their size are more pliable to lead inebriation tha n an adult. Children are curious by nature and often place themselves in hazard without realizing it. Children often investigate by touching, placing objects in their mouths and then sharing with former(a)s.These actions can cause lead poisoning to occur. Although the cost to replace the whistle is canvassable, this is a small price in the long run. Our follow volition retain customers by providing customer satisfaction by replacing the faulty whistle. This will also spare the community money in costly licit fees by facing our responsibilities now. Our high society postulate to look into that we father identified all involved when considering our options. It would be remiss of our company to not consider the parents, dealers, and stakeholders with an spare-time activity in the company.Parentstrust our company to produce products that are safe Vendorssell our companys products and wear reliable construction Employeesrely on our company to sell products to continue to rece ive money for the persist they have provided Investorshold an interest in how the companys actions and decisions affect employees, customers, and overall viability Options to Consider approach MonetaryReproduction costs, fines, legal fees, litigation and income Vendor Relationshipsstrained relations, decrease in customer relationships accountloss of customersEmployment layoffs measure Lengthreproduction time, construct disposition and relationships Reasonableability to undertake products to customers Ethical Responsibilityemployees, vendors, parents, children, investors Due diligencedont take risks, maintain ethical position, entreat all the options The options listed help define possible reasons for possible lawsuits and probable fines if the product is found defective. Our company submits to consider alternative options to fine a viable solution. Three options will be discussed in contingent to be considered. Cost ConsiderationsThe yearly compute is not far from thought and to remain within budget we must consider the option of merchant vessels the product as it stands now. The amount of lead was only meagerly above the federal recommended guidelines. We would be able to get the product to our customer on time and without added cost. However, the children may be subjected to possible lead poisoning. Depending upon the extent of exposure, this could lead to detrimental side effects. This would leave the company unfastened to the risk of legal action and may have a devastating effect on investors, employees and the company not to mention the children harmed.Legal action against our company would be costly. The fines can be as some(prenominal) as $100,000 per violation with $15,000,000 for a series of violations (Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act, 2008). We would most definitely have a series of violations, just more importantly our relationship with our customers would be damaged. The companys reputation would be in tatters. Ethical Cons iderations Our company has a moral obligation to keep our customers safe. The code of morality within our company is to be honest and provide protection to the children who play with our products.The overall cost to our company is how big of a risk are we willing to take. Our company needs to decide if business growth and profit is more important than the risk we would be taking in delivering those toys to children. Reproducing the whistles is ethically correct, however doing so will touch on our vendors by missing out on peak sales. This may lead to new(prenominal) companies replacing our company and products, which will lead to overall revenue losses and possible employee layoffs. On the other hand, if we replace the defective whistles, parents will believe in our company because we ensure our products meet the federal guidelines for asylum.This altogether may increase revenue. Our company has a responsibility to meet the federal guidelines. This protects our company from co stly fines and legal proceedings. Most importantly, we protect our customersparent and children. Risk is good, but not when it can potentially kill children. Time Considerations Our company cannot dismiss time considerations when discussing the impact on business. We can dismiss the time consideration when we consider the risk of legal implications upon our business. First, our company can notify our vendors and customers that we plan to substitute a like item for the whistle in our elementary toy prayer.This would allow us to move ahead with the current shipping date. This would cost considerably less than reproducing the whistle. Secondly, we can notify our vendors and customers that the whistle has been removed from the elementary toy collection and offer a credit towards future purchases. The company would still bewilder a monetary loss, but retain vendor and customer relations. Thirdly, the vendors and customers would have an option to wait for the whistle to be reproduced. Should the vendors and customers choose this option, we can reproduce the whistles, but reduce the overall number ofwhistles to be replaced. This would still cause the company to incur a monetary loss, but retain positive relationships with our vendors and customers. The options outlined are viable. We can maintain company integrity, provide protection to our company, employees, investors, and customers. Following federal recommended guidelines will secure our position in the business earth and provide longevity for all involved. Our company would take a risk by announcing the problem with the whistle, but we would be able to highlight our lading to protect our customers.We would be able to convey we place safety over profit. This would help raise consumer confidence, avoid legal implications, and retain satisfied customers. Recommendation Notification of our vendors and customers is the vanquish option. We know how much lead is in our product and how much is considered safe per federal guidelines. We need to be honest in our business dealings and not take unethical risks for profit. We also need to assure a cost effective material that has reduced lead readings to replace any future whistles. Our commitment to protect everyone involved cannot be taken lightly.We should begin notifying customers affected by this product and shipment. We should advise them the hunting lodge must be changed and the circumstances that require this change. We should allow our customers to make an informed decision and then bewilder out how they would wish to proceed. We would then be placing any liability into the customers hands, as we make every effort to right a wrong. This will help preserve our relationships with vendors and customers. As a company, we need to minimize risks that are ethically and legally wrong.We need to be socially responsible and have beardown(prenominal) relationships with our employees, vendors, customers, and investors. Longevity is everything in business and by following these rules, our company will have vendors, customers, investors and employees who want to be there and not forced to be there. Moral, ethical, and responsibility are keywords within my own personal mantra. I believe striving to be morally, ethically and socially responsible helps have a positive impact on business and personal endeavors. These traits provide positive contributions both in business and society.I believe our company has strong moral and ethical values. Thus, we cannot allow this shipment to proceed. This would be hypocrisy and go against not only my own beliefs but the companys code of ethics. I understand the cost is goodish to replace the toy, but by replacing the whistle we have an increased positive impact in our own company, customer base, investors, and employees. Finally, we are showing social responsibility and will set a beat in our industry as a leader. We cannot be a leader by taking surplus risks childrens lives.

United States Essay Example for Free

United States EssayMy look is different today than what it was seven years ago. Seven years ago, I lived in my home country, Bangladesh, and like a shot I am currently live in the United States of America. First of all, In Bangladesh, I was in middle school. Attending middle school wasnt too hard. It was actually a bit fun. In middle school, I had less preparedness to do, and it was fairly since I did not have m some(prenominal) responsibilities. straightaway I am in college, attending Macomb community college. I am getting really punctuate out and having many types of difficulties. I am struggling to keep good grades and have lots of homework to do daily. I had many friends during my days in high school, but as I be college, friends grew apart now I am stuck with just a few. Secondly, I did not have any responsibilities seven years ago. But as an adult, now I have to learn to take attention of many responsibilities and give my all to live successfully.I did not know how t o even cook at the age of 15, but now I know how to cook pretty much everything. Finally, in Bangladesh, I did not need to drive since everything in my town was close. Living in America, on the other hand, I am forced to have transportation to get around. Therefore, I had to get my license to accomplish individually days task. Many changes have occurred in the last seven years in my flavor however, these changes made me live up and the face world daily.

According to Collis and Hussey Essay Example for Free

According to Collis and Hussey EssayInterviews be a method of collecting data in which selected participants be expected questions in army to find extinct what they do, rally or feel. Sa chthonians et al. (2003) propose the idea that this method is an efficient modality of collecting reliable and contendable breeding, because the data gathered comes directly from the source in reveal card, which certainly helps to achieve the research question and objectives of this project. Therefore, choosing interviews was found on its suitability in finding what is happening and seeking raw sights when exploring c beer obstacles for Hong Kong wo custody managers. Interviews be sort ground on the degree of flexibility as well as formality and structure that the researcher would same to apply. Therefore, there are ternion types of interviews, structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews (Kumar, 1999 Saunders et al. , 2000Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). In the struc tured interview the investigator asks a pre-determined frame of questions, using the comparable wording and roam of questions as specified in the interview catalogue (Kumar, 1999, p.109) in semi-structured interview, the questions are as well absent a crapd beforehand, barely in contrast, they offer much flexibility in facilitating the interviewee to modify the questions to investigate bare-assed ideas that might come up during the interview and the unstructured interviews are based on a general topic of pursual, but the questions are spontaneously posed to the respondent (Kumar, 1999 Guillham, 2000 Saunders et al. , 2000 Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). gossip much Foot Binding In chinaware essayIt has been suggested that for pheno handso reproducible approaches and exploratory researches, a semi-structure interview is the about suitable type since the interviewer potty explore in-depth a specific area that might be of interest (Jankowicz, 1999). The interviews carried o ut for this research were semi-structured. One of the reasons of choosing this type of interview is because they are more conductible and easier to control in coiffe to establish and maintain empathy with respondents, so make the respondents be more comfortable and express their opinions more freely.It likewise gives the interviewer the opportunity to discover and understand the respondents points of view and beliefs about a specific situation (Zikmund, 2000). Saunders et al. (2000) mention that semi-structured are soft research interviews and are classified as non-standardized, where questions might vary from single interview to another(prenominal) since it depends on the course that the conversation takes, hence it would required of additional questions.In addition, Healey and Rawlinson (1994 cited Saunders et al., 2000) point out that more than one type spate be use within an interview, where one section may ask factual closed questions, such as personal details, and the b ordering sections could explore more soft issues. In this case, a combination of styles was adopted within the interviews held. The first section consisted of a set of factual questions in separate to find out the interviewees work position and background. The following sections were based on qualitative responses where relevant topics were taking under consideration accordingly to the literature review educateed in Chapter II as well as excogitation and objectives of the research.For instance, in the second section, Hong Kong women managers were asked to shed light on their wedlock and family aspects their nature of job, obstacles in their career pathways and their plans to grow in their system of ru little(prenominal) in future. Furthermore, the semi-structured interviews allowed a free-flowing discussion, which in turn produced a better understanding of the way of thinking, opinions, and behavior of women manager in relation to their experiences towards working in an surro und that supports virile managers and the career obstacles they face. 3. 7. 3.Data Quality Issues There are a tally of data eccentric issues to be aware and consider when conducting an interview, otherwise it would put at risk the findings of the investigation. In this case info supplied to the interviewee, confidentiality, listening skills and recording of interviews is going to be considered for this section (Kvale, 1996 Saunders et al. , 2000). 3. 7. 3. 1. Information Supplied to the Interviewee An in-chief(postnominal) issue to promote believability to the investigation is the supply of relevant information to the participants anterior the interviews.In this way, the interviewee considered the information under study and was prepare to discuss their experiences and opinions, which helped to develop the research credibility. This was reached through a letter sent to the participants, which can be seen in Appendix A. It was also mentioned the duration of the interviews, in tell to let them organize their time and provide an just about one arcminute to one hour and a half to the interview with no interruptions. 3. 7. 3. 2. Confidentiality According to Kvale (1996, p.114) confidentiality in research implies that undercover data identifying the subjects pull up stakesing not be inform.The author also blue spot that the change of names to protect the privacy of the participants is of an all important(p) issue, since encourages people to reveal experiences, feelings and facts which enrich the information wedded by the interviewee, facilitating the development of the research (Kvale, 1996 Guillham, 2000). Hence, it was explained to the interviewee the plan of the research and the use that it is going to use up in order to gain their trust and confidence.3. 7. 3. 3. Listening Skills For this quality issue, it is important to take hold attentive listening skills in order to understand the interviewees opinions and explanations, especially to iden tify comments that are relevant to the research and that might imply of develop new ideas and questions in order to keep the conversation going in the same track which is the staple characteristic of a semi-structured interview (Saunders et al. , 2000).In this case, commentaries were kept to a minimum, which allowed the interviewees to answer freely and avoid bow to the questions asked. 3. 7. 3. 4. Recording of Interviews There hire been issues in relation to the recording of information gathered from the data line of battle methods, and the about acceptable one is the tape-recording, which its record has to be immediately aft(prenominal) it was taken in order to obtain a reliable data for its analysis. This issue leads to what find been mentioned above in relation to the confidentiality that the researcher gives to the study per se.In addition, authors suggest making notes as well in order to make the most of the interview, that is, not to miss any(prenominal) relevant info rmation that the interviewee provides (Guillham, 2000 Saunders et al. , 2000 Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). In this case, interviews were recorded with the permission of the respondents in order to retain as much data for the transcription and facilitate the analysis procedures, which is going to be conveyed into the next chapter. However, according to Saunders et al.(2000) and Ghauri and Gronhaug (2002), there are some disadvantages that tape-recording an interview can bring, such as the interviewees flicker in responding some question or even not to answer them, which will reduce the reliableness of the interview as well as the transcription is time consuming. In the former, the participants did not have any inconvenient for the interview be recorded and for the latter time furthermore was reserved for the interviews transcription. 3. 8. RELIABILITY AND grimness OF THE RESEARCH.As stated by Collis and Hussey (2003) and Saunders et al. (2003), there are two aspects related to the cr edibility of the findings, gum olibanum it is important to consider the significance of the reliability and validity of the research outcome. In this case, reliability is concern with how well it has been carried out the research project (Blaxter et al. , 2001), which refers to the possibility of obtaining the same exact results if repeating the study (Collis and Hussey, 2003), in other words, the consent of the methods of data collection, thus the results (Denscombe, 2002).On the other hand, validity concerns with whether the data, approaches and techniques in study actually relate to the issues that have been explored and the results relate to what is really happening in the situation (Blaxter et al. , 2001 Collis and Hussey, 2003 Saunders et al. 2003). There are some discussions which claim that qualitative research often provide valid findings, while quantitative research offers more reliable findings (Berg, 2004). This has been critiqued by Saunders et al. (2000) who state t hat it is possible for qualitative and quantitative research to provide both valid and reliable findings.Therefore, it can be said that considering the present research, which adopts a phenomenological approach, it is important to highlight that the reliability and validity of the questions in the interviews were maximized by the careful design of the individual questions and the devolve explanation of the purpose of the interviews. Moreover, the reliability and validity of the research and the obtained information gathered from the interviews is directly linked to the applied strategy and purpose of the research, as well as to the aim and objectives of the investigation.Besides, validity is ensured by the transcriptions and further analysis of the interviewees experiences and opinions by direct quotations. 3. 9. ETHICAL ISSUES questioners like Creswell (1994), Kumar (1996), Saunders et al. (2000), Collis Hussey (2003) and Jankowicz (2005) have placed emphasis on the importance o f ethical considerations when doing a research. For business and management researchers, ethical issues of full of life importance are confidentiality, assured consent, and honest representation of findings.Therefore, considering these ethical issues, this research requested the consent of the participants prior to the data collection, guaranteeing them of the confidentially of the information they would provide. In addition, the data collected was analyzed in a logical and scientific manner, allowing the proper representation of findings. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4. 1 COPING STRATEGIES TO invade bring up DISCRIMINATION Two of the participants responded that they have not matte up any diversity of elicit difference at their workplace. noe of the participants felt that women need to use their feminism in order to progress in their careers. Anna responded that the snap of academic, promotional and employment opportunities for women has almost filled an d men and women are acquire almost equal opportunities. Anna and Emmy felt that women can do what they have decided to do in their minds and they consider themselves as an example of that kind of women. Maggie, in contrast, does not feel the same because she has an experience of workplace sex secernment against women.She has also been reject to join the old-boy network and she has also experienced sexual harassment in her organization. She informed the researcher that the totally way to trade up with the workplace variation is to get ready to move to a new job. She agreed with Emmy and Anna by saying that women who want to excel in their career can do it on their own merits. Maggie informed the researcher that she does not turn over in confronting her seniors about the elimination of sex variety from the workplace.She also does not have any expectations from her seniors that they will try to eliminate sex divergence from the workplace by implementing strategies to promote a nti sex discrimination policies. Thus the present study confirms the finding of study by Venter (2002) that there is no or little sex discrimination at nows workplaces in Hong Kong. Venter (2002) found out that 66 % of the women managers interviewed in Hong Kong had responded that they did not find any sex discrimination at their workplace and 83% of them had felt that the attitude towards female managers are same as towards male managers.Westwood Leung (1999) found out that Hong Kong women managers are really less aware of the sex discrimination at workplace. Ng Pine (2003) had reported very interesting information that several Hong Kong women managers gestate that sex discrimination is a prominent feature at Hong Kong organizations but when they were asked to describe their experience of sex discrimination accordingly only a small number of the women managers were able to describe their own experience. The rest of the respondents informed that they havent experienced sex dis crimination personally.Studies have clearly proved that Hong Kong women managers do not have any intention to confront their superiors and fight for the anti sex discrimination policies. Researches have also shown that when Hong Kong women managers are sexually harassed then they even do not confront the harasser and report to superiors and they instead use cope strategies such as they avoid or ignore the harasser, they prefer to interpose or get transferred if the problem is not resolved (Chan et al. 1999 Ng 1995b).High attitude towards opportunities is found among Hong Kong women managers. They have great ability to deal any kind of discrimination at their work place. They keep their look and ears open and keep themselves in search of a suitable job incase they are shoot or they quit. Their general and overall aim is to progress in their careers to get the high positions in the organizations and thus they use their flexible nature to get the maximum number of opportunities to be succeeded (Venter 2002).Ng Pine (2003) reported that female hotel managers suppose in using personal strategies to cope up with the discriminatory issue at their workplace. They believe in developing by looking more presentable, tend to dress up like a professional person and rely on working hard to be proved as passing professional. Ng Pine (2003) found that majority of Hong Kong women managers have a high can-do attitude and thus they believe in doing their job the best ways irrespective of the discriminatory issues against them at their workplace.Ng Chiu (1997) explained the reason of few organizations with family friendly policies is the low expectations behaviors of Hong Kong women managers who do not confront their superiors for the elimination of sex discrimination from the organization and they instead depends on their personalized strategies. Babcock Laschever (2003) found out the reason of Hong Kong women managers less success is due to their less skilful negotia ting attitudes. However, it can not be said whether they have less skilful negotiating attitudes but it is clear from the evidences that negotiation is not prominent in the attitude of the women managers.Venter (2002) found out that as Hong Kong women managers do not have the habit to confront their superiors to get their equal rights at the workplace, they simply get less tensed as compared to other female managers who belong to Britain. Thus Hong Kong Chinese women managers are more sure-fire in their careers and reach to the higher positions as compared to British women managers in Hong Kong. Javidan House (2001) explained that high accomplishment is a part of Hong Kong culture and this culture has changed the attitudes of use women and has made them enthusiastic to grow in their careers.Hong Kong Women managers who fly high in their careers are seen as highly respected due to their ability to achieve their goal on their own without any support of alliance and workplace. But the women who do not reach the higher positions are blamed to be a failure due to their lack of sense of professionalism. They are considered as non professional when they do not reach to the managers position. It is reflected among the society and organizations that a form of sex discrimination is evident due to the stereotyping of sex and magnate relations based on genders.There are very few structural changes through which the sex stereotyping and gendered routines at organizations can be changed. 4. 2 COPING STRATEGIES TO COMBAT GENDER ROLES The researcher asked all the three interviewees about their perception of unmarried women. All of them have varied perceptions on wiz women. Emmy feels that women stay single when they are not beautiful and thus no men attract towards such ugly women. Maggie sighed that she dreams of being a single but she also feels that being single it would have been very difficult for her to grow in her career and she has not been as successful as she is now.She also said that her roots in careers would have been very weak being a single woman. Anna feels that being a single woman is the best thing in the world. All her single friends are living happily and they do not want to get married because they believe that marriage brings a lot of problems with it. As diversity is more profound among the community of single women, the three interviewees seem influenced by the reflection of such diversity. Maggie, Anna and Emmy, all of them, love their husbands and children very much and they feel that they are the most important part of their lives.Though they consider family as the most important thing in their lives, they also believe that they cannot be stay-at- crustal plate women because they feel that they get the sense of achievement when they work and thus they get a balanced life. The nature of job of Emmy is quite flexible so she is allowed to work in flexible hours, and this way she gets a lot of time to spend with her fami ly. She feels that her work has not affected her role as a mother as she takes plenty of time out to spend with her children. Maggie and Anna feel in contrast.They feel that they have been sandwiched between their wish to grow in their careers and their wish to spend more time with their children to ensure that the childrens education is not getting affected. This shows that both of them have both a high sense of achievement and a high sense of parenting. They feel guilty of not fulfilling their wish to be a steady-going parent though both of them have hired foreign domestic helper. All the three interviewees believe that livery up children is the primary duty of a woman and if a woman is employed then this duty should be handed over to other members of the lengthy family.All the three interviewees consider their families more important than their careers as compared to their husbands. These women do not have the habit of negotiation so they do not confront with their husbands an d superiors to give them equal status. Researches have shown that Hong Kong women managers use personalized strategies to deal with work-family stress by taking help from relative, foreign domestic helpers and tutors (Lo et al. 2003 Ng 1999).Hakim (2003) also supported these positions that Hong Kong employed women are more family-centered as compared to their husbands and thus these women tend to less successful in their careers as compared to their husbands. The coping strategies that Hong Kong employed women used to reduce their work-family stress have a strong relation to the social culture of Hong Kong. Majority of Hong Kong employed women believe that they will not get any help from the government in terms of a caretaker because the social culture promotes the caretaker role of mothers and wives.If these women need help of a caretaker then they have to do it on their own because this is considered as a personal problem instead of a societal problem. All the three interviewees b elieve that though they are working at higher positions but their husbands should be respected as they are the breadwinners. Wives should help their husbands to be more successful in their careers. This shows that the handed-down values of Hong Kong have set the mind of the women regarding their roles as a wife and a mother.The present study confirms the results of the previous studies (EOC 1997 Hong Kong Government 2003a) that the traditional ideology of a Chinese family for a man to be in charge of the work extracurricular the house and for a woman to be in charge of the work inside the house is ease present in Hong Kong culture. Due to the impact of this culture, even when both the parents are equally working and are equally concerned about the academic achievements and social well-being of their children, husbands have the liberty to be more career oriented by leaving behind their family without any sense of guilt.Thus, the culture of Hong Kong does not care for the growth o f women as career women. This is impossible until and unless structural changes are made to understand these cultural contexts. The role structure can be changed only when the society and organizations believe in equal opportunities by dividing the power equally among women and men managers as the career success of a woman on her own theme is of no use. 2. 1. 1 FUTURE OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AS MANAGERS IN HONG KONG It is commonly believed in Hong Kong that women can achieve their goals by their enthusiasm and hard work.For this reason, Hong Kong women working at senior managerial positions tend to believe in personally designed strategies to cope up with the requirements of their workplace, homes and kids. Moreover, they believe in handling the situation of sex discrimination personally rather by confronting their superiors for the implementation of anti sex discrimination policies. They are no or little aware of a political agenda that can change their lives by bringing p ositive changes in institutionalization of their family status, by changing the organizational culture and state policies.Maggie, Emmy and Anna informed the researcher that they do not get time for socialization. Anna informed that in Chinese culture, home is considered as a private place so majority of Chinese do not believe in inviting friends at home unless they are very close to them because they think that it will ruin their privacy. Majority of Hong Kong women trust encompassing family members to take care of their children but this scenario may result in change magnitude problems for them in future. Mobility of labor advertize has increased due to globalization.Two of the three interviewees are not originally Hong Kong based. A steady rise has been ascertained in the number of women managers on the mainland. Due to intensification of globalization, less stability is expected in support from the extended family members in Hong Kong. The traditional heterosexual family syste m in Hong Kong has been changed and different forms of family structure have appeared. The concept of extended family members was possible in a heterosexual family only. So, this concept does not seem to be valid with the new family structure as single-parent families are becoming common.As the concept of extended family is diminishing, women who prefer to grow in their career would seem to have no children. if primary importance will continue to be addicted to husbands career, and wifes role will be continued as a support to her husband than her husband has been to her, then there are great chances for a large number of career oriented women to remain single. When women will have to work hard and design personalized strategies to cope up with the work-family stress then a large number of women will stop marrying.Thus, number of never-married women will increase in Hong Kong. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Push and pull tensions are found among Hong Kong women managers. At one side, the trad itional Chinese culture is still dominated in Hong Kong that makes women responsible primarily for their housework and men are considered as bread-winners. Women are expected to bring up and take care of children and other family members. So this traditional Chinese culture does not seem supportive for a woman to dream of getting success in organizations besides performing her domestic duties.At another side, women in Hong Kong that have pull in higher degrees are attracted towards handsomely paid jobs due to the realistic approach of capitalism in Hong Kong. lucky women managers in Hong Kong are rewarded. Organizations search for never-married women who are ready to work on the pre-decided terms of men. So it is a common belief in Hong Kong that if women are good they can get success in organizations. If women are very good at setting personalized agenda to balance their work-family stress then they would be successful. But the researcher is not happy with these conditions.The re searcher suggests that women should be encouraged and supported by society and organizations. They should be given support to get a balanced life. Organizations should implement strategies to promote anti discrimination policies. Women and family friendly policies should be encouraged in organizations. This means that there is a need to redefine the role of women at home and in organizations. They should be given equal opportunities like men and be promoted to higher positions as per their skills. Appendix A.Letter sent to the Participants of the Interviews Dear Participants, Thank you for agreeing to do this interview and participate in my Masters investigation. This letter is to inform you all related to the interview, to establish your ethical rights and my responsibilities, as well as to provide some information prior to the interview. My intention is to do an investigation to explore whether a bamboo-ceiling exists in the career pathway of Hong Kong women managers. I am current ly interviewing women managers that are working in a male dominating environment to find out whether these women managers face any obstacles in order to achieve the purpose of my study.The data will be collected via interviews, which will last one hour and one hour and a half. During the interview you have the right to refuse to answer a question or a set of questions. The participants identities will be remained as confidential at all stages, during and after the research. Expected benefits of participation will be the opportunity to contribute knowledge to a largely under researched area and the obtained findings will be used for academic purposes only, so the access to the collected data will be permitted for university lectures and library use only.Thank you once again for your cooperation. Yours sincerely, Your name Your degree Your university Table 1 Ratio of Women Managers in Hong Kong, % Year Proportion, % 1994 17. 5 1995 19. 4 1996 19. 6 1997 19. 9 1998 21. 5 1999 21. 9 200 0 24. 2 2001 25. 4 2002 25. 7 blood line Hong Kong Government, 2003b 57. Table 2 Distribution of Managers by Industry and Gender Table 3 No. of Males and Females Never-Married Aged 15 and Over Source census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Table 4 No. of Never-Married Employed Males and Females by Occupation, 2001.Source Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 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