Employment Essay Example for Free

Employment EssayOverview An elementary toy that is due to be shipped at the end of the week has failed quality control testing. A metal whistle has been shown to exceed the federal regulation guidelines for lead. The testing process showed the lead level for this particular toy tested at 103 split per million. The federal guidelines dictate that toys provoke non contain lead with more than 100 parts per million (OSHA, 2013). The projected equal to conform to federal guidelines and replace the whistle are projected to cost 0,000. This should take 3 weeks for completion. Facts pop off is naturally occurring, save it can be toxic to humans (EPA, 2013). It can cause serious medical checkup conditions, such as, hearing loss, learning disabilities, physical ontogenesis retardation and neurological damage. Lead gathers in the personate quickly and increases at a fast pace if it exceeds federal guidelines. Children because of their size are more pliable to lead inebriation tha n an adult. Children are curious by nature and often place themselves in hazard without realizing it. Children often investigate by touching, placing objects in their mouths and then sharing with former(a)s.These actions can cause lead poisoning to occur. Although the cost to replace the whistle is canvassable, this is a small price in the long run. Our follow volition retain customers by providing customer satisfaction by replacing the faulty whistle. This will also spare the community money in costly licit fees by facing our responsibilities now. Our high society postulate to look into that we father identified all involved when considering our options. It would be remiss of our company to not consider the parents, dealers, and stakeholders with an spare-time activity in the company.Parentstrust our company to produce products that are safe Vendorssell our companys products and wear reliable construction Employeesrely on our company to sell products to continue to rece ive money for the persist they have provided Investorshold an interest in how the companys actions and decisions affect employees, customers, and overall viability Options to Consider approach MonetaryReproduction costs, fines, legal fees, litigation and income Vendor Relationshipsstrained relations, decrease in customer relationships accountloss of customersEmployment layoffs measure Lengthreproduction time, construct disposition and relationships Reasonableability to undertake products to customers Ethical Responsibilityemployees, vendors, parents, children, investors Due diligencedont take risks, maintain ethical position, entreat all the options The options listed help define possible reasons for possible lawsuits and probable fines if the product is found defective. Our company submits to consider alternative options to fine a viable solution. Three options will be discussed in contingent to be considered. Cost ConsiderationsThe yearly compute is not far from thought and to remain within budget we must consider the option of merchant vessels the product as it stands now. The amount of lead was only meagerly above the federal recommended guidelines. We would be able to get the product to our customer on time and without added cost. However, the children may be subjected to possible lead poisoning. Depending upon the extent of exposure, this could lead to detrimental side effects. This would leave the company unfastened to the risk of legal action and may have a devastating effect on investors, employees and the company not to mention the children harmed.Legal action against our company would be costly. The fines can be as some(prenominal) as $100,000 per violation with $15,000,000 for a series of violations (Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act, 2008). We would most definitely have a series of violations, just more importantly our relationship with our customers would be damaged. The companys reputation would be in tatters. Ethical Cons iderations Our company has a moral obligation to keep our customers safe. The code of morality within our company is to be honest and provide protection to the children who play with our products.The overall cost to our company is how big of a risk are we willing to take. Our company needs to decide if business growth and profit is more important than the risk we would be taking in delivering those toys to children. Reproducing the whistles is ethically correct, however doing so will touch on our vendors by missing out on peak sales. This may lead to new(prenominal) companies replacing our company and products, which will lead to overall revenue losses and possible employee layoffs. On the other hand, if we replace the defective whistles, parents will believe in our company because we ensure our products meet the federal guidelines for asylum.This altogether may increase revenue. Our company has a responsibility to meet the federal guidelines. This protects our company from co stly fines and legal proceedings. Most importantly, we protect our customersparent and children. Risk is good, but not when it can potentially kill children. Time Considerations Our company cannot dismiss time considerations when discussing the impact on business. We can dismiss the time consideration when we consider the risk of legal implications upon our business. First, our company can notify our vendors and customers that we plan to substitute a like item for the whistle in our elementary toy prayer.This would allow us to move ahead with the current shipping date. This would cost considerably less than reproducing the whistle. Secondly, we can notify our vendors and customers that the whistle has been removed from the elementary toy collection and offer a credit towards future purchases. The company would still bewilder a monetary loss, but retain vendor and customer relations. Thirdly, the vendors and customers would have an option to wait for the whistle to be reproduced. Should the vendors and customers choose this option, we can reproduce the whistles, but reduce the overall number ofwhistles to be replaced. This would still cause the company to incur a monetary loss, but retain positive relationships with our vendors and customers. The options outlined are viable. We can maintain company integrity, provide protection to our company, employees, investors, and customers. Following federal recommended guidelines will secure our position in the business earth and provide longevity for all involved. Our company would take a risk by announcing the problem with the whistle, but we would be able to highlight our lading to protect our customers.We would be able to convey we place safety over profit. This would help raise consumer confidence, avoid legal implications, and retain satisfied customers. Recommendation Notification of our vendors and customers is the vanquish option. We know how much lead is in our product and how much is considered safe per federal guidelines. We need to be honest in our business dealings and not take unethical risks for profit. We also need to assure a cost effective material that has reduced lead readings to replace any future whistles. Our commitment to protect everyone involved cannot be taken lightly.We should begin notifying customers affected by this product and shipment. We should advise them the hunting lodge must be changed and the circumstances that require this change. We should allow our customers to make an informed decision and then bewilder out how they would wish to proceed. We would then be placing any liability into the customers hands, as we make every effort to right a wrong. This will help preserve our relationships with vendors and customers. As a company, we need to minimize risks that are ethically and legally wrong.We need to be socially responsible and have beardown(prenominal) relationships with our employees, vendors, customers, and investors. Longevity is everything in business and by following these rules, our company will have vendors, customers, investors and employees who want to be there and not forced to be there. Moral, ethical, and responsibility are keywords within my own personal mantra. I believe striving to be morally, ethically and socially responsible helps have a positive impact on business and personal endeavors. These traits provide positive contributions both in business and society.I believe our company has strong moral and ethical values. Thus, we cannot allow this shipment to proceed. This would be hypocrisy and go against not only my own beliefs but the companys code of ethics. I understand the cost is goodish to replace the toy, but by replacing the whistle we have an increased positive impact in our own company, customer base, investors, and employees. Finally, we are showing social responsibility and will set a beat in our industry as a leader. We cannot be a leader by taking surplus risks childrens lives.

United States Essay Example for Free

United States EssayMy look is different today than what it was seven years ago. Seven years ago, I lived in my home country, Bangladesh, and like a shot I am currently live in the United States of America. First of all, In Bangladesh, I was in middle school. Attending middle school wasnt too hard. It was actually a bit fun. In middle school, I had less preparedness to do, and it was fairly since I did not have m some(prenominal) responsibilities. straightaway I am in college, attending Macomb community college. I am getting really punctuate out and having many types of difficulties. I am struggling to keep good grades and have lots of homework to do daily. I had many friends during my days in high school, but as I be college, friends grew apart now I am stuck with just a few. Secondly, I did not have any responsibilities seven years ago. But as an adult, now I have to learn to take attention of many responsibilities and give my all to live successfully.I did not know how t o even cook at the age of 15, but now I know how to cook pretty much everything. Finally, in Bangladesh, I did not need to drive since everything in my town was close. Living in America, on the other hand, I am forced to have transportation to get around. Therefore, I had to get my license to accomplish individually days task. Many changes have occurred in the last seven years in my flavor however, these changes made me live up and the face world daily.

According to Collis and Hussey Essay Example for Free

According to Collis and Hussey EssayInterviews be a method of collecting data in which selected participants be expected questions in army to find extinct what they do, rally or feel. Sa chthonians et al. (2003) propose the idea that this method is an efficient modality of collecting reliable and contendable breeding, because the data gathered comes directly from the source in reveal card, which certainly helps to achieve the research question and objectives of this project. Therefore, choosing interviews was found on its suitability in finding what is happening and seeking raw sights when exploring c beer obstacles for Hong Kong wo custody managers. Interviews be sort ground on the degree of flexibility as well as formality and structure that the researcher would same to apply. Therefore, there are ternion types of interviews, structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews (Kumar, 1999 Saunders et al. , 2000Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). In the struc tured interview the investigator asks a pre-determined frame of questions, using the comparable wording and roam of questions as specified in the interview catalogue (Kumar, 1999, p.109) in semi-structured interview, the questions are as well absent a crapd beforehand, barely in contrast, they offer much flexibility in facilitating the interviewee to modify the questions to investigate bare-assed ideas that might come up during the interview and the unstructured interviews are based on a general topic of pursual, but the questions are spontaneously posed to the respondent (Kumar, 1999 Guillham, 2000 Saunders et al. , 2000 Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). gossip much Foot Binding In chinaware essayIt has been suggested that for pheno handso reproducible approaches and exploratory researches, a semi-structure interview is the about suitable type since the interviewer potty explore in-depth a specific area that might be of interest (Jankowicz, 1999). The interviews carried o ut for this research were semi-structured. One of the reasons of choosing this type of interview is because they are more conductible and easier to control in coiffe to establish and maintain empathy with respondents, so make the respondents be more comfortable and express their opinions more freely.It likewise gives the interviewer the opportunity to discover and understand the respondents points of view and beliefs about a specific situation (Zikmund, 2000). Saunders et al. (2000) mention that semi-structured are soft research interviews and are classified as non-standardized, where questions might vary from single interview to another(prenominal) since it depends on the course that the conversation takes, hence it would required of additional questions.In addition, Healey and Rawlinson (1994 cited Saunders et al., 2000) point out that more than one type spate be use within an interview, where one section may ask factual closed questions, such as personal details, and the b ordering sections could explore more soft issues. In this case, a combination of styles was adopted within the interviews held. The first section consisted of a set of factual questions in separate to find out the interviewees work position and background. The following sections were based on qualitative responses where relevant topics were taking under consideration accordingly to the literature review educateed in Chapter II as well as excogitation and objectives of the research.For instance, in the second section, Hong Kong women managers were asked to shed light on their wedlock and family aspects their nature of job, obstacles in their career pathways and their plans to grow in their system of ru little(prenominal) in future. Furthermore, the semi-structured interviews allowed a free-flowing discussion, which in turn produced a better understanding of the way of thinking, opinions, and behavior of women manager in relation to their experiences towards working in an surro und that supports virile managers and the career obstacles they face. 3. 7. 3.Data Quality Issues There are a tally of data eccentric issues to be aware and consider when conducting an interview, otherwise it would put at risk the findings of the investigation. In this case info supplied to the interviewee, confidentiality, listening skills and recording of interviews is going to be considered for this section (Kvale, 1996 Saunders et al. , 2000). 3. 7. 3. 1. Information Supplied to the Interviewee An in-chief(postnominal) issue to promote believability to the investigation is the supply of relevant information to the participants anterior the interviews.In this way, the interviewee considered the information under study and was prepare to discuss their experiences and opinions, which helped to develop the research credibility. This was reached through a letter sent to the participants, which can be seen in Appendix A. It was also mentioned the duration of the interviews, in tell to let them organize their time and provide an just about one arcminute to one hour and a half to the interview with no interruptions. 3. 7. 3. 2. Confidentiality According to Kvale (1996, p.114) confidentiality in research implies that undercover data identifying the subjects pull up stakesing not be inform.The author also blue spot that the change of names to protect the privacy of the participants is of an all important(p) issue, since encourages people to reveal experiences, feelings and facts which enrich the information wedded by the interviewee, facilitating the development of the research (Kvale, 1996 Guillham, 2000). Hence, it was explained to the interviewee the plan of the research and the use that it is going to use up in order to gain their trust and confidence.3. 7. 3. 3. Listening Skills For this quality issue, it is important to take hold attentive listening skills in order to understand the interviewees opinions and explanations, especially to iden tify comments that are relevant to the research and that might imply of develop new ideas and questions in order to keep the conversation going in the same track which is the staple characteristic of a semi-structured interview (Saunders et al. , 2000).In this case, commentaries were kept to a minimum, which allowed the interviewees to answer freely and avoid bow to the questions asked. 3. 7. 3. 4. Recording of Interviews There hire been issues in relation to the recording of information gathered from the data line of battle methods, and the about acceptable one is the tape-recording, which its record has to be immediately aft(prenominal) it was taken in order to obtain a reliable data for its analysis. This issue leads to what find been mentioned above in relation to the confidentiality that the researcher gives to the study per se.In addition, authors suggest making notes as well in order to make the most of the interview, that is, not to miss any(prenominal) relevant info rmation that the interviewee provides (Guillham, 2000 Saunders et al. , 2000 Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). In this case, interviews were recorded with the permission of the respondents in order to retain as much data for the transcription and facilitate the analysis procedures, which is going to be conveyed into the next chapter. However, according to Saunders et al.(2000) and Ghauri and Gronhaug (2002), there are some disadvantages that tape-recording an interview can bring, such as the interviewees flicker in responding some question or even not to answer them, which will reduce the reliableness of the interview as well as the transcription is time consuming. In the former, the participants did not have any inconvenient for the interview be recorded and for the latter time furthermore was reserved for the interviews transcription. 3. 8. RELIABILITY AND grimness OF THE RESEARCH.As stated by Collis and Hussey (2003) and Saunders et al. (2003), there are two aspects related to the cr edibility of the findings, gum olibanum it is important to consider the significance of the reliability and validity of the research outcome. In this case, reliability is concern with how well it has been carried out the research project (Blaxter et al. , 2001), which refers to the possibility of obtaining the same exact results if repeating the study (Collis and Hussey, 2003), in other words, the consent of the methods of data collection, thus the results (Denscombe, 2002).On the other hand, validity concerns with whether the data, approaches and techniques in study actually relate to the issues that have been explored and the results relate to what is really happening in the situation (Blaxter et al. , 2001 Collis and Hussey, 2003 Saunders et al. 2003). There are some discussions which claim that qualitative research often provide valid findings, while quantitative research offers more reliable findings (Berg, 2004). This has been critiqued by Saunders et al. (2000) who state t hat it is possible for qualitative and quantitative research to provide both valid and reliable findings.Therefore, it can be said that considering the present research, which adopts a phenomenological approach, it is important to highlight that the reliability and validity of the questions in the interviews were maximized by the careful design of the individual questions and the devolve explanation of the purpose of the interviews. Moreover, the reliability and validity of the research and the obtained information gathered from the interviews is directly linked to the applied strategy and purpose of the research, as well as to the aim and objectives of the investigation.Besides, validity is ensured by the transcriptions and further analysis of the interviewees experiences and opinions by direct quotations. 3. 9. ETHICAL ISSUES questioners like Creswell (1994), Kumar (1996), Saunders et al. (2000), Collis Hussey (2003) and Jankowicz (2005) have placed emphasis on the importance o f ethical considerations when doing a research. For business and management researchers, ethical issues of full of life importance are confidentiality, assured consent, and honest representation of findings.Therefore, considering these ethical issues, this research requested the consent of the participants prior to the data collection, guaranteeing them of the confidentially of the information they would provide. In addition, the data collected was analyzed in a logical and scientific manner, allowing the proper representation of findings. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4. 1 COPING STRATEGIES TO invade bring up DISCRIMINATION Two of the participants responded that they have not matte up any diversity of elicit difference at their workplace. noe of the participants felt that women need to use their feminism in order to progress in their careers. Anna responded that the snap of academic, promotional and employment opportunities for women has almost filled an d men and women are acquire almost equal opportunities. Anna and Emmy felt that women can do what they have decided to do in their minds and they consider themselves as an example of that kind of women. Maggie, in contrast, does not feel the same because she has an experience of workplace sex secernment against women.She has also been reject to join the old-boy network and she has also experienced sexual harassment in her organization. She informed the researcher that the totally way to trade up with the workplace variation is to get ready to move to a new job. She agreed with Emmy and Anna by saying that women who want to excel in their career can do it on their own merits. Maggie informed the researcher that she does not turn over in confronting her seniors about the elimination of sex variety from the workplace.She also does not have any expectations from her seniors that they will try to eliminate sex divergence from the workplace by implementing strategies to promote a nti sex discrimination policies. Thus the present study confirms the finding of study by Venter (2002) that there is no or little sex discrimination at nows workplaces in Hong Kong. Venter (2002) found out that 66 % of the women managers interviewed in Hong Kong had responded that they did not find any sex discrimination at their workplace and 83% of them had felt that the attitude towards female managers are same as towards male managers.Westwood Leung (1999) found out that Hong Kong women managers are really less aware of the sex discrimination at workplace. Ng Pine (2003) had reported very interesting information that several Hong Kong women managers gestate that sex discrimination is a prominent feature at Hong Kong organizations but when they were asked to describe their experience of sex discrimination accordingly only a small number of the women managers were able to describe their own experience. The rest of the respondents informed that they havent experienced sex dis crimination personally.Studies have clearly proved that Hong Kong women managers do not have any intention to confront their superiors and fight for the anti sex discrimination policies. Researches have also shown that when Hong Kong women managers are sexually harassed then they even do not confront the harasser and report to superiors and they instead use cope strategies such as they avoid or ignore the harasser, they prefer to interpose or get transferred if the problem is not resolved (Chan et al. 1999 Ng 1995b).High attitude towards opportunities is found among Hong Kong women managers. They have great ability to deal any kind of discrimination at their work place. They keep their look and ears open and keep themselves in search of a suitable job incase they are shoot or they quit. Their general and overall aim is to progress in their careers to get the high positions in the organizations and thus they use their flexible nature to get the maximum number of opportunities to be succeeded (Venter 2002).Ng Pine (2003) reported that female hotel managers suppose in using personal strategies to cope up with the discriminatory issue at their workplace. They believe in developing by looking more presentable, tend to dress up like a professional person and rely on working hard to be proved as passing professional. Ng Pine (2003) found that majority of Hong Kong women managers have a high can-do attitude and thus they believe in doing their job the best ways irrespective of the discriminatory issues against them at their workplace.Ng Chiu (1997) explained the reason of few organizations with family friendly policies is the low expectations behaviors of Hong Kong women managers who do not confront their superiors for the elimination of sex discrimination from the organization and they instead depends on their personalized strategies. Babcock Laschever (2003) found out the reason of Hong Kong women managers less success is due to their less skilful negotia ting attitudes. However, it can not be said whether they have less skilful negotiating attitudes but it is clear from the evidences that negotiation is not prominent in the attitude of the women managers.Venter (2002) found out that as Hong Kong women managers do not have the habit to confront their superiors to get their equal rights at the workplace, they simply get less tensed as compared to other female managers who belong to Britain. Thus Hong Kong Chinese women managers are more sure-fire in their careers and reach to the higher positions as compared to British women managers in Hong Kong. Javidan House (2001) explained that high accomplishment is a part of Hong Kong culture and this culture has changed the attitudes of use women and has made them enthusiastic to grow in their careers.Hong Kong Women managers who fly high in their careers are seen as highly respected due to their ability to achieve their goal on their own without any support of alliance and workplace. But the women who do not reach the higher positions are blamed to be a failure due to their lack of sense of professionalism. They are considered as non professional when they do not reach to the managers position. It is reflected among the society and organizations that a form of sex discrimination is evident due to the stereotyping of sex and magnate relations based on genders.There are very few structural changes through which the sex stereotyping and gendered routines at organizations can be changed. 4. 2 COPING STRATEGIES TO COMBAT GENDER ROLES The researcher asked all the three interviewees about their perception of unmarried women. All of them have varied perceptions on wiz women. Emmy feels that women stay single when they are not beautiful and thus no men attract towards such ugly women. Maggie sighed that she dreams of being a single but she also feels that being single it would have been very difficult for her to grow in her career and she has not been as successful as she is now.She also said that her roots in careers would have been very weak being a single woman. Anna feels that being a single woman is the best thing in the world. All her single friends are living happily and they do not want to get married because they believe that marriage brings a lot of problems with it. As diversity is more profound among the community of single women, the three interviewees seem influenced by the reflection of such diversity. Maggie, Anna and Emmy, all of them, love their husbands and children very much and they feel that they are the most important part of their lives.Though they consider family as the most important thing in their lives, they also believe that they cannot be stay-at- crustal plate women because they feel that they get the sense of achievement when they work and thus they get a balanced life. The nature of job of Emmy is quite flexible so she is allowed to work in flexible hours, and this way she gets a lot of time to spend with her fami ly. She feels that her work has not affected her role as a mother as she takes plenty of time out to spend with her children. Maggie and Anna feel in contrast.They feel that they have been sandwiched between their wish to grow in their careers and their wish to spend more time with their children to ensure that the childrens education is not getting affected. This shows that both of them have both a high sense of achievement and a high sense of parenting. They feel guilty of not fulfilling their wish to be a steady-going parent though both of them have hired foreign domestic helper. All the three interviewees believe that livery up children is the primary duty of a woman and if a woman is employed then this duty should be handed over to other members of the lengthy family.All the three interviewees consider their families more important than their careers as compared to their husbands. These women do not have the habit of negotiation so they do not confront with their husbands an d superiors to give them equal status. Researches have shown that Hong Kong women managers use personalized strategies to deal with work-family stress by taking help from relative, foreign domestic helpers and tutors (Lo et al. 2003 Ng 1999).Hakim (2003) also supported these positions that Hong Kong employed women are more family-centered as compared to their husbands and thus these women tend to less successful in their careers as compared to their husbands. The coping strategies that Hong Kong employed women used to reduce their work-family stress have a strong relation to the social culture of Hong Kong. Majority of Hong Kong employed women believe that they will not get any help from the government in terms of a caretaker because the social culture promotes the caretaker role of mothers and wives.If these women need help of a caretaker then they have to do it on their own because this is considered as a personal problem instead of a societal problem. All the three interviewees b elieve that though they are working at higher positions but their husbands should be respected as they are the breadwinners. Wives should help their husbands to be more successful in their careers. This shows that the handed-down values of Hong Kong have set the mind of the women regarding their roles as a wife and a mother.The present study confirms the results of the previous studies (EOC 1997 Hong Kong Government 2003a) that the traditional ideology of a Chinese family for a man to be in charge of the work extracurricular the house and for a woman to be in charge of the work inside the house is ease present in Hong Kong culture. Due to the impact of this culture, even when both the parents are equally working and are equally concerned about the academic achievements and social well-being of their children, husbands have the liberty to be more career oriented by leaving behind their family without any sense of guilt.Thus, the culture of Hong Kong does not care for the growth o f women as career women. This is impossible until and unless structural changes are made to understand these cultural contexts. The role structure can be changed only when the society and organizations believe in equal opportunities by dividing the power equally among women and men managers as the career success of a woman on her own theme is of no use. 2. 1. 1 FUTURE OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AS MANAGERS IN HONG KONG It is commonly believed in Hong Kong that women can achieve their goals by their enthusiasm and hard work.For this reason, Hong Kong women working at senior managerial positions tend to believe in personally designed strategies to cope up with the requirements of their workplace, homes and kids. Moreover, they believe in handling the situation of sex discrimination personally rather by confronting their superiors for the implementation of anti sex discrimination policies. They are no or little aware of a political agenda that can change their lives by bringing p ositive changes in institutionalization of their family status, by changing the organizational culture and state policies.Maggie, Emmy and Anna informed the researcher that they do not get time for socialization. Anna informed that in Chinese culture, home is considered as a private place so majority of Chinese do not believe in inviting friends at home unless they are very close to them because they think that it will ruin their privacy. Majority of Hong Kong women trust encompassing family members to take care of their children but this scenario may result in change magnitude problems for them in future. Mobility of labor advertize has increased due to globalization.Two of the three interviewees are not originally Hong Kong based. A steady rise has been ascertained in the number of women managers on the mainland. Due to intensification of globalization, less stability is expected in support from the extended family members in Hong Kong. The traditional heterosexual family syste m in Hong Kong has been changed and different forms of family structure have appeared. The concept of extended family members was possible in a heterosexual family only. So, this concept does not seem to be valid with the new family structure as single-parent families are becoming common.As the concept of extended family is diminishing, women who prefer to grow in their career would seem to have no children. if primary importance will continue to be addicted to husbands career, and wifes role will be continued as a support to her husband than her husband has been to her, then there are great chances for a large number of career oriented women to remain single. When women will have to work hard and design personalized strategies to cope up with the work-family stress then a large number of women will stop marrying.Thus, number of never-married women will increase in Hong Kong. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Push and pull tensions are found among Hong Kong women managers. At one side, the trad itional Chinese culture is still dominated in Hong Kong that makes women responsible primarily for their housework and men are considered as bread-winners. Women are expected to bring up and take care of children and other family members. So this traditional Chinese culture does not seem supportive for a woman to dream of getting success in organizations besides performing her domestic duties.At another side, women in Hong Kong that have pull in higher degrees are attracted towards handsomely paid jobs due to the realistic approach of capitalism in Hong Kong. lucky women managers in Hong Kong are rewarded. Organizations search for never-married women who are ready to work on the pre-decided terms of men. So it is a common belief in Hong Kong that if women are good they can get success in organizations. If women are very good at setting personalized agenda to balance their work-family stress then they would be successful. But the researcher is not happy with these conditions.The re searcher suggests that women should be encouraged and supported by society and organizations. They should be given support to get a balanced life. Organizations should implement strategies to promote anti discrimination policies. Women and family friendly policies should be encouraged in organizations. This means that there is a need to redefine the role of women at home and in organizations. They should be given equal opportunities like men and be promoted to higher positions as per their skills. Appendix A.Letter sent to the Participants of the Interviews Dear Participants, Thank you for agreeing to do this interview and participate in my Masters investigation. This letter is to inform you all related to the interview, to establish your ethical rights and my responsibilities, as well as to provide some information prior to the interview. My intention is to do an investigation to explore whether a bamboo-ceiling exists in the career pathway of Hong Kong women managers. I am current ly interviewing women managers that are working in a male dominating environment to find out whether these women managers face any obstacles in order to achieve the purpose of my study.The data will be collected via interviews, which will last one hour and one hour and a half. During the interview you have the right to refuse to answer a question or a set of questions. The participants identities will be remained as confidential at all stages, during and after the research. Expected benefits of participation will be the opportunity to contribute knowledge to a largely under researched area and the obtained findings will be used for academic purposes only, so the access to the collected data will be permitted for university lectures and library use only.Thank you once again for your cooperation. Yours sincerely, Your name Your degree Your university Table 1 Ratio of Women Managers in Hong Kong, % Year Proportion, % 1994 17. 5 1995 19. 4 1996 19. 6 1997 19. 9 1998 21. 5 1999 21. 9 200 0 24. 2 2001 25. 4 2002 25. 7 blood line Hong Kong Government, 2003b 57. Table 2 Distribution of Managers by Industry and Gender Table 3 No. of Males and Females Never-Married Aged 15 and Over Source census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Table 4 No. of Never-Married Employed Males and Females by Occupation, 2001.Source Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Table 5 Main Employment, Female-Male Ratio, Median Monthly Income, Marital Status, Age Source Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government.References Babcock, L. Laschever, S. 2003. Women Dont Ask Negotiation and the Gender Divide (Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press). Berg, B. , 2004. soft Research Methods for the Social Sciences. International Student Edition. Boston Pearson Education, Inc. Blaxter, L. , Hughes, C. and Tight, M. , 2001. How to research. 2nd ed. Buckingham unfold University Press.Bryman, A. , 2004. Social Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford Prentice-Hall. Chan, D. K. S. , Tang, K. S. -K. Chan, W. 1999. cozy harassment a preliminary analysis of its effects on Hong Kong Chinese women in the workplace and academia, psychological science of Women Quarterly, 23(4), pp. 661672. Chow, I. H. 1995. Career aspirations, attitudes and experiences of female managers in Hong Kong, Women in Management Review, 10(1), pp. 2832. Collinson, D. L. , Knights, D. Collinson, M. 1990. Managing to Discriminate (London Routledge). Collis, J. , and Hussey, R. , 2003.Business Research A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. 2nd Ed. New York Palgrave McMillan. Creswell, J. , 1994. Research Design Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. world-class ed. London Sage Publications. Crystal, G. 2003. Cracks appear in glass ceiling numbers, South China break of day Post, 17 October, p. B22. Denscombe, M. , 2002. Ground Rules for Good Research. A 10 point guide for social researchers. 1st ed. Buckingham Open University Press. EOC. 1997. A Baseline Survey of Equal Opportunities on the Basis of Gender in Hong Kong 19961997 (Hong Kong Equal Opportunities Commission).Fosh, P. , Ng, C. , Snape, E. Westwood, R. 1999. Hong Kong at the end of the twentieth century management and labour trends, in P. Fosh, A. W. Chan, W. W. S. Chow, E. Snape R. Westwood (Eds) Hong Kong Management and Labour Change and Continuity, pp. 324 (London Routledge). Ghauri, P. and Gronhaug, K. , 2002. Research Methods in Business Studies. A practical guide. 2nd ed. Essex Pearson Education Limited. Ghauri, P. N. , Gronhaugh, K. and Kristianslund, I. , 1995. Research methods in business studies a practical guide. 1st ed. London Prentice-Hall. Gillham, B. , 2000.The Research Interview. 1st ed. London Continuum. Hakim, C. 2003. Models of the Family in new(a) Societies Ideals and Realities (Aldershot Ashgate). Hochschild, R. A. 1989. The Second Shift Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York Viking Penguin). Hong Kong Government 2004. Convention on t he exclusion of all Forms of Discrimination against Women Second Report on Hong Kong Special Administration Region (Hong Kong Health, Food and eudaimonia Bureau). Hong Kong Government. 2001. 2001 Population Census Main Report 1 (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department).Hong Kong Government. 2002. Women and Men in Hong Kong constitute Statistics (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department). Hong Kong Government. 2003a. Thematic Household Survey Report No. 14 (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department). Hong Kong Government. 2003b. Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department). Jankowicz, A. , 2005. Business research projects. 4th ed. London International Thomson Press. Javidan, M. House, R. J. 2001. Cultural acumen for the global manager lessons from project GLOBE, Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), pp. 289305.Kanter, R. M. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation (New York Basic Books). Kumar, R. , 1999. Research Methodology. A step-by-ste p guide for beginners. 1st ed. London Sage Publications. Kvale, S. , 1996. Interviews, an Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. 1st ed. London Sage Publications. Law, N. 2003. HK women socially aware, but traditional at heart, South China Morning Post, 23 January, p. 6 Lee, H. 2004. Arming women with knowledge, South China Morning Post, 9 February, p. C4. Lee, K. 2003. Picture forms of cross-border workers, South China Morning Post, 9 May, p.A5.Lo, S. , Stone, R. Ng, C. W. 2003. Workfamily conflict and coping strategies adopted by female married professionals in Hong Kong, Women in Management Review, 18(4), pp. 182190. Mak, G. C. L. Chung, Y. -p. 1997. Education and labour force participation of women in Hong Kong, in F. M. Cheung (Ed. ) Engendering Hong Kong Society A Gender Perspective of Womens Status, pp. 1339 (Hong Kong The Chinese University Press). Mak, G. C. L. 1992. The schooling of girls in Hong Kong progress and contradictions in the transition, in G. A. Po stiglione (Ed.).Education and Society in Hong Kong, pp. 167 clxxx (Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press). Morrison, A. M. , White, R. P. Van Velsor, E. The Center for Creative Leadership. 1987. Breaking the Glass Ceiling (Reading, MA Addison-Wesley). Ng, C. W. Chiu, W. C. K. 2001. Managing equal opportunities for women sorting the friends from the foes, compassionate Resource Management Journal, 11(1), pp. 7588. Ng, C. W. Ng, E. G. H. 2002. The concept of state feminism and the case for Hong Kong, Asian Journal of Womens Studies, 8(1), pp. 737. Ng, C. W. Pine, R. 2003. Women and men

Impressions After Reading Jane Eyre Essay Example for Free

Impressions After Reading Jane Eyre EssayJane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, was met with great enthusiasm and became one of the best sellers since it was published in October 1847. The story of Jane Eyre takes place in blue England in the early to mid-19th Century. It starts as the ten-year-old Jane, a plain but unyielding child, is excluded by her auntie reed instrument from the domestic circle around the hearth and bullied by her handsome but unpleasant cousins. Under the prompt of Mr. Lloyd, an apothecary that sympathizes Jane, Mrs. Reed sends Jane to Lowood Institution operated by a hypocritical Evangelicalist, Mr.Brocklehurst, who chastises Jane in front of the class and calls her a liar.At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Burns, whose strong attitude towards the schools miseries helps Jane a lot. Also, she is interpreted under the wing of the superintendent, Miss Temple. After spending eight years at Lowood, six as a student and two as a teacher, she accepts a governess position to teach a loving French girl named Adele at Thornfield, where she falls secretly in love with the gardens owner, Rochester, a man with a warm heart despite a cold face outside. However, fate decides to shirk a joke on Jane.On the wedding day , as Jane and Rochester prep atomic number 18 to exchange their vows, Jane is organism told that Rochester has a legal wife, Bertha Mason. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield. Penniless and hungry, Jane is taken by Rivers siblings Mary, Diana and St. John. , who live in a manor called Moor House. Jane happily accepts the offer of teaching at St. Johns school. She later learns that the Rivers siblings are in truth her cousins and that she has inherited from her under a vast fortune, which she divides among her new family.At that time, St. John is about to go on missionary work in India and repeatedly asks Jane to accompany him as his wife. One night, when she is about to accept St. John, Jane experiences a mystical connection with Rochester, and she decides to seek him out at Thornfield. She discovers that the estate has been burned down by Bertha, who died in the fire, and that Rochester, who was blinded in the incident, lives nearby. Jane goes to him at once, at there they get married. The development of Jane Eyres character is of import to the romance.From the beginning, Jane possesses a mind of her self-worth and dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in God, and a overzealous disposition. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently unconnected aspects of herself so as to find contentment. An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and ostracized at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or comm unity, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere.Thus Jane says to Helen Burns To gain some real tenderness from you, or Miss Temple, or any other whom I truly love, I would willingly postulate to lose the bone of my arm broken, or to let a bull toss me, or to tie behind a kicking horse, and let it dash its hoof at my chest. This desire tempers her evenly intense need for autonomy and independence. Her fear of losing her autonomy motivates her refusal of Rochesters marriage proposal. Jane believes that marrying Rochester while he stay legally tied to Bertha would mean rendering herself a mistress and sacrificing her own integrity for the sake of stimulated feelings.On the other hand, her life at Moor House tests her in the opposite manner. There, she enjoys economic freedom and engages in worthwhile and useful work, teaching the poor yet she lacks emotional sustenance. Although St. John proposes marriage, offering her a partnership built around a common purpose, Jane realizes their marriage would remain loveless and that this kind of freedom would constitute a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions would be eer in check.Nonetheless, the events of Janes stay at Moor House are necessary tests of Janes autonomy. just after proving her self-sufficiency to herself can she marry Rochester and not be dependent upon him as her master. Edward Rochester, despite his hindquarters manner and not particularly handsome appearance, wins Janes heart, because he is the first person in the novel to offer Jane lasting love and a real home. Although Rochester is Janes social and economic superior, and although men were astray considered to be naturally superior to women in the Victorian period, Jane is Rochesters intellectual equal.As Jane says I am my husbands life as all-encompassingy as he is mine. To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. We are precisely suited in characterperfect concord is the result. Rochester declension his former libertinism and lustfulness, nevertheless, he has proven himself to be weaker in many ways than Jane. St. John Rivers provides the most normal model of Christian behavior.He is a Christianity of ambition, glory, and extreme self-importance. St.John urges Jane to sacrifice her emotional deeds for the fulfilment of her moral duty, offering her a way of life that would require her to be disloyal to her own self. further Jane ends up with rejecting to sacrifice passion for principle, which doesnt mean she abandons a belief in God. Jane supremely finds a comfortable middle ground. For Jane, religion helps curb immoderate passions, and it spurs one on to worldly efforts and achievements. These achievements include sufficient self-knowledge and complete faith in God.Mr. Brocklehurst, the cruel, hypocritical master of the Lowood School, illustrates the dangers and hypocrisies that Charlotte Bronte perceived in t he nineteenth-century Evangelical movement. Mr. Brocklehurst adopts the rhetoric of Evangelicalism when he claims to be purging his students of pride, but his method of subjecting them to various privations and humiliations, like when he orders that the naturally curly hairs-breadth of one of Janes classmates be cut so as to lie straight, is entirely un-Christian.Of course, Brocklehursts proscriptions are difficult to follow, and his hypocritical support of his own luxuriously wealthy family at the expense of the Lowood students shows Brontes reproval to the Evangelical movement. Helen Burns is Janes close friend at the Lowood School. She endures her miserable life there with a passive dignity that Jane cannot understand. she believes that justice will be found in Gods ultimate judgmentGod will reward the good and punish the evil. Jane, on the other hand, is unable to stand such blind faith.Her quest is for love and happiness in this world. Nevertheless, she counts on God for sup port and counsel in her search. Throughout the novel, Charlotte Bronte may have created the character of Jane Eyre to voice her then-radical opinions. Much evidence suggests that Bronte, too, struggled to find the even out balance between moral duty and earthly pleasure, between obligation to her spirit and attention to her body. She suffer the opinion that every spirit is independent, though there are differences in social class, in situation and also in appearance.Jane Eyre is critical of Victorian Englands strict social system. Brontes exploration of personalised equalty is perhaps the novels most important theme. I would like to use my favorite run-in that Jane once said to Rochester to end my article Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am insensitive and heartless? You think wrong I have as much soul as youand full as much heart And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it i s now for me to leave you.

Hobbes and Lock Views on Property Essay Example for Free

Hobbes and Lock Views on Property EssayProperty, whether personal or cloistered, is thought of and looked at other than with different point of views. John Locke (1632 1704) and Karl Marx (1818 1883) had very strong and also very diverse views of holding and its splendor in the human ordering.John Locke saw closed-door space as the basis of waivedom and liberty. Locke believed that mint were born free, equal and were born with three rights that were inwrought and God-given these rights were life, liberty, and position.Locke, who believed in liberal country, considered property not only when possessions that we physically use and own, but rather that property is what gwe mix with our labour, the labour of our body and the hold of our transferh. (The Human Project pg151). Property is something that you have charge your labour into, the work, investment, energy or effort that you put into something consecrates it an extension of you, which you own. It is not only your land or personal possessions which are considered property, but this can be in regards with anything from a product, an idea, a service, a relationship, sex or religion.He decided liberal democracy was the best way to protect our property because with too much(prenominal) of a strong authorities, they could threaten our natural rights. Property was extremely important to Locke because he believed that it defines the boundaries of individual freedom. When you have earned and own your property, you are free to do whatever you wish in the limitations of your property with come to the fore repercussions by the state or government. Locke believed that property was a primarily good and positive thing and thusly he believed that it was something that should be protected by the government because it is superstar of the three natural rights that we are given. Another idea of property was from Karl Marx whose opinion on property was quite the opposite of Lockefs it was based on commu nism, although Marx himself was not a communist.Marxfs attitude of property was that semiprivate property was the basis of exploitation and inhumanity. While Locke saw private property as something masses should be royal of and gave people incentive to work, Marx believed that private property created an excruciating difference between the ghavesh and the ghave-notsh and therefore he wanted to abolish this conflicted difference and the only way he believed that was possible was to eliminate private property. Marx believed that there was a huge difference between the rich and the poor, which he also described as the haves and the have-nots, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the powerful and the powerless, or to put simply, the owners and the workers.Marx divided property into two theories personal property and private property. Personal property was delimitate as something that is used by the individual on a workaday basis, such as their automobile, their home in which they l ive, their appliances and their clothes or personal possessions. Private property was defined as something that they own but do not use, such as an apartment they lease out to rent, their factory and factory workers, or a long-term investment. He believed to eliminate this barrier between the haves and the have-nots so that classes would be equal in society would have to abolish private property.Marx wanted to dispose of private property, not personal property. If private property was removed, Marx believed the separation and division of labour between the haves and the have-nots would be eliminated because it would tote up an end to exploitation, alienation, means of production and opiates in other words, we would no longer have to use our bodies to make profit for someone else and we would be able to put ourselves into our work and feel independent and proud of the work we accomplished. This would allow individuals to feel personal satisfaction from their work as well as eliminat e the classes in society. Locke and Marxfs views on property were very different from one another. Locke saw fundamental values in property in which the government should protect while Marx saw private property as the reason to some problems in the human society because of the unequal distribution of wealth and therefore wanted the government to array rid of private property.I do not think that private property should be abolished as Marx recommends. This is because I believe in Lockefs theory that having property gives individuals the sense of independence and accomplishment and by people having possessions they feel like they have earned something by the work that they do. Without this feeling of owning something, society would not be as it is today as people need encouragement and incentive for what they are doing. In this sense, I feel that Marx argument that private property should be abolished is flawed and that the government should do anything they can to protect our prope rty as it is one of the three rights we are given.If we looked at private property not as property, but as something to work towards as a reward, it will give individuals the sense of accomplishment which is an opiate that is much needed. If everyone in society had equal amounts of wealth, there would be a lack of dedication why would one work harder than another if in the end they are all getting the same reward? The society needs private property as motivation to work hard and gives a reward for it. This is why I believe and agree with Lockes theory on property.

Formal Presentation Tactics Essay Example for Free

white-tie Presentation Tactics experimentPresentations, unlike reports, carry the personality of a speaker, simultaneously in allowing for interaction between all participants involved. A considerably founding is hinged on precise, easily researched genial strength as considerably as a clear well laid out structure. Simply put, content relates to information use of goods and servicesful to the people. It differs significantly from presentations to reports. The latter ar study at the readers pace except the former must account for the amount of information that can be assimilated in a single sitting.The structure followed must be logical, sequenced as well as appropriately paced so that the audience can in effect(p)ly follow the proceedings. Other salient aspects are packaging and the military personnel element. Presentations must be well prepared for the audience is literally at the presenters mercifulness they do not gestate the option of rereading certain port ions or skipping others altogether. The human element, when used effectively, contributes greatly to the victory of any presentation (Clark, 2007). The importance of preparation cannot be overstated. It may be a threadbare cliche, but failure to prepare really is preparation to fail.Research is vital both in term of content and the audience. The material presented must be accurate, supported with credible illustrations. Simple concise statements of intent usually promote in defining the scope of a presentation. Presenters must also establish the nature of the audience it foothold of level of education, employment cadre and familiarity with the language. The findings serve as an indicator of the jargon the presenter may use as well as the vocabulary used. This aspect also defines the audiences aims and objectives as for attend the presentation (Blair, n.d. ). If this is not effectively done, there will be little communication, rendering the entire presentation an exercise in futi lity. The introduction of any presentation is vital. Based on this aspect alone, it is possible to correspond success. It is not enough to attract the attention of the audience presenters must sustain it. One of the most effective ways of doing this is to establish a theme that the presentation will revolve around. This works well with a quick breakdown of the presentations guiding structure and an establishment of a rapport with the audience. unconnected from maintaining the audiences attention, it allows both parties to feel comfortable and significantly reduces the presenters level of foreboding. A good beginning deserves an equally good ending. Some experts dispense with the idea of starting the conclusion by stating that it is a recapitulation of the presentation as people may switch off. They favor either a sudden end marked with a phrase that will linger in the memories of the audience, or with a flourish, pace as well as voice carrying listener done a powerful increase ( Blair, n. d. ).Preparing the body of the presentation does not translate to writing down the speech word for word. Having the main points on cards provides an outline as well as an effective memory jogger. Important questions to keep in mind, as stated in the research phase are the purpose, the nature of people attending, their familiarity on the slip and audiences attitude towards the speaker. Other options to explore in terms of the structure of the body are timeline, problem/solution, classification, climax and complex to simple (or vice versa) layout (Clark, 2007).In contemporary group communication, visual aid are vital as they reinforce the delivery of the communicative message. Technology has lent it ego to this respect, allowing for larger audiences to participate. behavioural studies suggest that novelty and creativity in the application of visual help is a major endorser to the success of a presentation. An example is displaying four different styles of hats when desc ribing four major functions of project managers. With traditional aids, the obtain of thumb is to employ different slides for distinct purposes they should not be there at all if they have no purpose.Slides should not be cluttered as it has the counteractive effect of confusing the audience, rather than elucidating verbal message. Presenters must speak to their audience, as opposed to the visual aids. Therefore they must be thoroughly familiar(predicate) with every slide to avoid presenting their backs to the audience as they struggle to explain what is going on. Legibility, color, contrast and coat are factors to consider in the design of each slide. Everyone in the room should easily follow the aids without movement or strain. Delivery is another pillar of presentations.Presenters on one hand have the ability to enhance a presentation manifold and on the other, butcher it. The discussions of this aspect start with focus on the essences. The fact that they are usually described as windows to the soul indicates that they are the first, most effective instruments in convincing people of speakers openness, honesty and their confidence in the material they are presenting. Herein lies the importance of maintaining eye contact. Doing so with all sections of the audience, accompanied by the hint of a smile convinces an audience that the presenter acknowledges and set their presence.Voice is the next aspect to assess, particularly variation and projection. However, projection does not mean shouting. Carefully observation the audience is the best indicator of the level of audibility. Voice variation is so powerful that it can trifle a well prepared presentation appear dull or make transform a boring topic into an exciting one. This aspect rules out monotonic speeches and their soporific effect. Changes in tone and well timed poses emphasize delineation and express certain feelings, moods and emotions.Rhetorical questions have proved useful in this respect as the y inherently have tone variations at the end (Blair, n. d. ). Body language, expressed through appearance and stance are other important elements under the topic of formal presentation tactics. intensity as well as body orientation communicate a multitude of messages. By stand erect while leaning forward, speakers express approachability, receptiveness and friendliness. Gestures also play their role by make the content of the presentation more interesting in addition to facilitating understanding (Clark, 2007).The topic of speaker anxiety has been tackled from a number of angles. Some people insist on the impact of a simple mixed bag in attitude (Sathoff, 2008) while others encourage speakers to embrace nerves. The thinking behind the proposal is premised on the public life or fight condition occasioned by the release of adrenaline. Welcoming and recognizing nerves allows speakers to gain the edge by taking the fight option. They tackle the challenge of the presentation better, achieving better results than they envisaged.Attitude change encompasses positive thinking, mental visualizations of the task at hand and the belief that mistakes are part and parcel of the learning process. In all cases, deep breaths and short water breaks are of great help. Alcohol is not an option, as misinformed parties claim (Clark, 2007). Formal presentations are powerful avenues for self expression. Practice really does make perfect. Listening and watching self recordings allows for self discovery. Presenters can assess their performance and improvement against a checklist.Watching seasoned presenters in their element provides tested and tested success tricks. It is quite heartening to learn that oral presentation skills can easily be learned. Works Cited Blair, G. M. , Presentation Skills for Emergent Managers, n. d. Retrieved on twenty-fifth March, 2009, from http//www. see. ed. ac. uk/gerard/Management/art1. html Clark, D. R. , Presentation Skills, 2007. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http//www. nwlink. com/donclark/leader/leadpres. html Sathoff, R. , Speaker Tips, 2008. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http//www. ed-u. com/publicspeaking. htm

A Significance Of Rehabilitation Criminology Essay

A Significance Of replenishment Criminology Es produceThis report t unmatchable-beginnings to explore the development of re practicement dodge in unite Kingdom since its stolon style into Parliamentary Acts until nowadays. It give be presented the archives of rehabilitation base on Prison reforms and its entailment and singing to govern of magnitude. The report aims to deal objectively huge changes that were make according to Parliamentary Acts, Re heaps and bases of Ministry of judge along with writings of professionals who aimed to reexamination its image and analyse the avail and impact of the Offenders replacement Programmes. Furthermore, it will be provided the cogent of decl aring interference to wrongdoers in value to recoil recidivism, which will be followed by an evaluation and recommendations upon Rehabilitation System.In the sometime(prenominal), for many long clip it was believed that the proper punish for an wrongdoer had strictly to do w ith the violent attitude against him and torturing of his body, deportation or even final stage penalty. Nowadays, and after some(prenominal) prison reforms Justice comes across the term of Rehabilitation. To begin with, Michel Foucault acresd in 1975 that Rehabilitation procedure has more to do with field of the soul than the torturing of the body. (Foucault and Sheridan, 1979) The word rehabilitation is defined as re-enabling and it has Latin roots as it comes from the term rehabilit be. The assumption of all these is that Justice System is not exclusively obliged to keep the community safer by holding the offenders in prison merely too preparing them, for several contends, to re-join society, by practicing their mind, developing their skills and expanding their knowledge.1.2 Significance of RehabilitationIt is necessary to be mentioned the importance of Rehabilitation from any posts of view, that of Justice and society and that of the prisoners. Later on, it will besid es be discussed the significant thesis of rehabilitation to the reduction of re-offending. Rehabilitations lively role is as it was mentioned preceding(prenominal) discipline of the mind. Through discipline, the offender will be able to be hireful to society with divulge being tempted to commit an some opposite crime. In step-up to that, there are also going to be mentioned the plans and techniques provided to the offenders, depending on the type of their offence and their needs. These needs can be categorized, as it has not always attain to do with criminogenic factors as genial illness or any kind of addiction, but also survival into society matters as where to live or work or permanent health issues. Following the previous statement, this dissertation is going to take on an exploration upon behavioural programmes, depending on the individuality of either offender.1.3 Aims of DissertationThrough a study upon Rehabilitations stress from its roots since today, this disser tation aims to provide a full(a) briefing ab proscribed rehabilitation transcription in United Kingdom. The sensitive correlation between society and prisoners can ca engagement several fusss to their in-between balance, and this is another issue that will be stated, by analysing the rehabilitation placements impacts to both of them. A review upon behavioural programmes will be mentioned later on along with their significance to the offenders. They are also going to be examined the advantages and disadvantages of the menses system and its development finishedout years. In addition to that this dissertation aims to explore the type of the rehabilitation programme which has to be followed by any offender depending on the type of his offense, the condemnation of his penalty, any drug or alcohol addiction who may has, his age and gender, if he or she belongs to a minority aggroup and last but not least if he or she suffers from any mental dis consecrate.1.4 Overview of ContentAs it was mentioned above, this dissertation tends to give a brief review of Rehabilitation System for prisoners in United Kingdom since its offshoot appearance. A flashback to rehabilitations first impression and its idea of discipline will be do in target to be evaluated its importance to the Justice System. They are also going to be discussed historical figures that published their first thoughts upon Justice System, as it had to do with punishing and imprisonment. Their appearance was significant to social reforming and inclusion of Parliamentary Acts into Justice, in rewrite to change the wait go overs of that judgment of conviction, along with the relation of rehabilitation to reducing crime. In addition to that it is going to be discussed the context of Rehabilitation in general and its aims, as it plays major role as well to the whole Justice System and several aspects of society. From the subject of this dissertation they cannot be excluded the Parliamentary Acts th at involved rehabilitation and their relation to the present one. As it was stated above this dissertation will include a review of the services provided depending on the needs of the prisoners, along with the types and categories of the current rehabilitation programmes, their r distributivelys and their prospects of development. A major type of the information precondition is provided through literature review upon reports, statistics and Acts of the Ministry of Justice, position Office, House of Commons and the authorities.Chapter 2History of Rehabilitation2. History of RehabilitationThis chapter is going to explore Rehabilitations System Background and History since the first appearance. It will be also examined the first Parliamentary Act which includes rehabilitation and the personas of its concept. Finally it will be discussed the Nothing Works debate.2.1 BackgroundThe state before the current concept of Rehabilitation, which has to do more with discipline of the mind, had incompatible ways to deal with the offenders. Depending on the type of crime the prisoners were approaching across tough punishment through which they could be tortured, deported or even face death penalty. It seems as if during the 17th Century the idea of discipline started to establish. It has to be mentioned that the concept of rehabilitation back then was authentic in order to be given to the offender a chance of fitting back to society. The function was to be offered a safer society as an offender could re-join it and be a useful member of it.As it was mentioned above it was unless in 1764 when Cesare Beccaria (b. 1738) expanded in his work the idea of Rehabilitation. When his book On Crimes and penalisation was published it was exposed a new chapter to Justice System as it had to do with the theme of imprisonment. By the time, his thoughts were mainly influenced by the new, by then, era of Enlightenment. Beccaria had several positions inside society, as he was a we ll- cognise(a) philosopher, criminologist and jurist. It can be assumed that Cesare Beccaria was the first who gave in public the idea of rehabilitation with main purpose the discipline of mind and soul and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending, and offending is general, as the ex-offender could kick in the ability to expand his knowledge to others as well. To be more specific, the criminologist stated that It is evident from the simple considerations already set out that the purpose of punishment is not that of tormenting or afflicting any sentient creature, nor of undoing a crime already committed. The purpose, therefore, is nothing other than to prevent the offender from doing fresh harm to his fellows and to deter others from doing likewise. (Beccaria, 2010)In addition to that, a philosopher and social reformer of that time who wrote about the importance of punishment giving to the offender in accordance to the type of the crime committed was Jeremy Bentham (b. 174 8). Bentham, who is also one of the fo beneaths of the theory of utilitarianism, published in 1811 his work The rationale of punishment through which he expressed his thoughts upon punishment. To be more specific, the philosopher stated that A punishment may be analogous to an offence, it is necessary that the crime should be attended with some strike characteristic heap, capable of being transferred upon the punishment. These characteristic circumstances will be different in different crimes. (Beccaria, 2010)2.2 playpen ActThe philanthropist and prison reformer John Howard (b. 1726) published in 1774 his reports about the detention conditions of the offenders as he spend a year working as a sheriff and evidenced the mail service himself. He also managed to dress down other prisons as well in order to be confident(predicate) of his findings, before the export of his reports. His findings led the jurist system to include devil more Acts which were dealing with the circumstance s under which the offenders were held, and suggested the thesis of the State in order to provide prisons which could offer humane conditions of detention. Howard also mentioned that they had do be done changes as it had to do with the fees paid to the jailers, as in many occasions offenders were slake held in prison even if they had complete their penalty because they were not able to pay them.It was only in 1779 when the passage of Parliamentary Acts had been made and it was given the permission to begin the building of the first State Prisons, which would offer fitter living conditions to the prisoners. The above can be assumed as the first evidence of an attempt of a proper rehabilitation system in United Kingdom. thus far though several actions took place after the Act, the construction of a prison was not be done until 1785, when the magistrate Sir George Onesiphorus Paul completed the first prison at Gloucester which was stated as a first prison model at that time as it was approaching every aspect of the prisoners needs. It was coming across the previous statements about a healthier environment, as it was consisted by separated cells, classification of prisoners depending on the type of their offence and it was also provided medical support.Although the Penitentiary Act of 1779 has made a major point during the development of Justice System and Rehabilitation, as it brought spacious changes to the System as they knew it by then, it is believed that it had affected it in many ways. consort to the Cambridges Historical Journal, it was strongly believed that the radical reason of these Acts pass was the reducing of deportation. In other words, prisons had to be held, in order to keep the offenders there, without the state having the need to deport them. That statement could be valid, as after the construction of the prisons in England, several other countries followed the same(p) path, for the same reasons.2.3 Purposes of RehabilitationAfter the enga gement of the Penitentiary Act, Justice System started to develop the concept of imprisonment as a path to rehabilitation. As it was mentioned above, imprisonment reduced deportation of offenders and that created several problems at that time to jailers, as the population of the prison started to increasing. However, the key concept of Rehabilitation was the reducing of re-offending as it was believed that by educating the offenders, they would re-join society with different habits. The main theme of Rehabilitation was at that point that it would be created a safer community, as ex-offenders would not make the same mistakes, be useful to society and stop other people as well from committing a crime. At this point it is more valuable to Justice to protect society preferably than being easier to an offender to resettle in terms of fitting smoothly back to community.However, as the years passing by the Justice System and Rehabilitation Services are keep developing in order to be upda ted to the needs of community. It has been already stated that the prison population started to accession. It seems as if that the same problem remained since today. At this point rehabilitation for prisoners in United Kingdom plays vital role, along with several changes that were made to the penalties of every offense, the system has to come up with new ways of avoiding prison overcrowding. Overpopulated prisons can be foul to both bodies, to offenders and guards as well.In addition to the above, the support to offenders who have complete their penalty towards community is important as in most of the shimmys the reason why they are committing the same crime again is strongly connected to the social exclusion they are facing. It can be difficult to some offenders to re-join society, and at this point it is a matter of great significance the rehabilitation services during imprisonment along with some time after release.Rehabilitation Services are aiming to offer to the prisoners t he appropriate support for every case individually. obscure from the Rehabilitation programmes which are being used and they will be discussed later on, they are provided to the offenders several other services in order to being able to re-join society. According to the report of The House of Commons for the Parliament, offenders are coming across many themes during Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation programmes are being included into the context of Rehabilitation services, as they are being part of the Purposeful Activity along with physical education and nurtureing, which aims to educate and train prisoners. One of the reasons why this System also tar jumps to reduce reconviction range is as mentioned above there is in exist the problem of overcrowding. This has a result the continuous transfer of the offenders to other prisons and that has a major affect to programmes, as the prisoners cannot receive a stable rehabilitation programme.2.4 Nothing Works What Works? DebateFrom the b ackground review of Rehabilitation cannot be excluded the Nothing Works What works? debate which began in 1974 towards a Robert Martinsons research. Even though this debate was made based upon the American Justice system its impact affected United Kingdom as well in terms of re-thinking its approach on that specific topic. After a long study Martinson stated that Rehabilitation System does not help in reducing re-offending. According to Martinson, they existed few programmes that were useful for the prisoners, but the overall outcome it was not the expected. The writer, who tried to give an explanation for the advantage in reducing recidivism stated, Having entered this very serious caveat, I am bound to say that these data, involving over two hundred studies and hundreds of thousands of individuals as they do, are the best available and give us very little reason to hope that we have in fact found a sure way of reducing recidivism through rehabilitation. This is not to say that w e found no instances of success or partial success it is only to say that these instances have been isolated, producing no clear pattern to indicate the efficacy of any particular method or treatment. (Lipton et al., 1975)During the 1980s there was a significant turn of political views towards the Right and as the change of view towards the current -at the time- rehabilitation system was differentiated, there were some opinions that the system of judge should change the penalty rigorousness according to the offence that was caused by each offender and this specific group of opinions was made renown as the Just Desert terminology. The application of penalties would be carried out in a way that as an guinea pig a murderer would receive the same harm as he had caused to the victim which would be death. That initiated the enjoyment of boot camps and prison regimes in order to strike a short, sharp shock effect to the offenders. Martinsons views were dictating that the volume of the funding should be focused towards the policing of communities with the use of CCTV, electronic tagging and alarms and invest less in the rehabilitation of offenders. The findings of Martinson were strange by a scrap of academic staff with an example of Ross Gendreau in 1979. Finally, Martinson pointed another important covariant to the negative findings which was the poor research methodologies.As every finding that is exhibited by a research, the findings of Martinson had a bend of critics (Hollin, 1999). As the 1980s and 1990s were merged, a number of meta-analytic studies were published and started to show what actually worked in the do by of reducing re-offending. These statistical techniques were utilized in order to review the results of a great number of radical studies and allowed the emergence of overall trends in the accumulated data. Such trends were analysed by A. Andrews and J. Bonta (Andrews and Bonta, 2010) who claimed that the findings of Martinson and his co lleagues were inconclusive as they were rushed into promotional material without thorough research. Due to this significant claim, Martinson and his colleagues were deemed unreliable. In the beginning, Andrews and Bonta claimed that negative results in the studies were filled instantly and almost with no question. Moreover, they supported the idea that the way the research was carried out was to mainly stress any supporting researches to treatment by using pseudoscientific techniques such as stressing the criterion problem, discounting the underlying theory and contaminating the treatment. This group of techniques were described under the general term Treatment Destruction (Gottfredson, 1979) . Furthermore, Andrews and Banta claimed that Martinson and his colleagues modified the measurements to their advantage and as a result they published findings that were unreliable. According to Andrews and Bonta, there were also errors in the conceptualization of the research as a whole whic h meant that measurements were unreliable and is a possibility that it caused the absence of positive results.To sum up, everything that was mentioned in the course of this chapter is a review upon the development of rehabilitation until the end of the 1990s. Martinson and his colleagues presented the results of their research which specified that the effects of rehabilitation are vanish and dictated that the justice system should claim a model of penalising that would treat the offenders with severity that would vary depending on their offence. On the other hand, there were a number of opposed critics that accused them for being unreliable during the go of conducting their research and modifying the variables to their advantage.Chapter 3Current Rehabilitation SystemIn the UK3. Current rehabilitation system in the UKIn this chapter are going to be provided the modifications and additions that were made to the rehabilitation system since the beginning of the 2000s and the way they make the system as we know it nowadays.3.1 Prison RulesThe Prison Rules of 1999 essentially were a replacement of the receives of 1964 and conducted changes to the way of managing prisons which include the treatment of prisoners, the powers and duties of boards of visitors and the conduct of prison officers. This chapter will mainly focus on the prison rules that affect the prisoners and not the visitors or any other mentions. The new rules of 1999 are a set of changes to previous rules in order to bring them to modern standards. The prison rule 32 is an addition to the rule 29 of the 1964 rules which was made in order to provide the distance learning ability to the prisoners as the 1964 rule was only mentioning in-prison learning programmes. Additionally, under the rule 41 every inmate search should not be placed under the raft of a person of the opposite search. Moreover, the newly specified rule 51, dictated that any irregularities during a visit such as the providing of drug s and articles to the prisoners, should be punished and the term in any way offends against good order and discipline has been revoked. Finally, the rule 55 commanded that additional punishment shall not be added to a caution and 14 days of cellular confinement is the maximum days of a total award. Additionally, the Secretary of State has been given the power to order a specific set of guidelines for the punishment of a prisoner. To conclude, according to Iain Crow the rule 2 of the prison rules states that At all times the treatment of prisoners shall be such as to back up their self-respect and a sense of personal responsibility (Crow, 2001).3.2 genial elision Unit tell of 2002As it was mentioned above, the target of rehabilitation is to reduce re-offending. Another report that played an important role to the modification of the justice system was the Social Exclusion Unit Report which was introduced in order to reduce the increasing evaluate of re-offending by ex-convicts an d was commissioned by the Government in order to investigate what steps should be followed as to halt offending repetition. It also dictated that efforts for the rehabilitation of prisoners should be doubled in order to introduce them back to society tellingly and it would be done by prison sentences not being made only to punish but also provide the convicts with the opportunity to reduce the chance of re-offending. Moreover, the Unit Report of 2002 stated that offenders are repeating offences because the prison sentences were not as effective as they should be.A number of reasons for the increment of reconviction rates during the 1990s included the erosion to the system of support for short-term prisoners post-release, the changes to the prisoners benefit rules and the take in growth in areas that are defined by social exclusion such as ine prize, barbarian poverty and drug use. The report also introduced a series of key factors that affect the re-offending rates which are the mental and physical welfare, the education and employment of prisoners, the misuse of addictive substances (i.e. alcohol, drugs), the family networks and the life skills and financial support of prisoners.The Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 not only stated the factors that cause the rise in re-offending rates but also made a number of recommendations which are the followingA long-term subject area Rehabilitation Strategy should be introduced in order to approach rehabilitation and ultimately reduce re-offending. impoundment should be applied only where necessary. Improvements to diversion schemes have to be made in-court in order to account if an offender is mentally ill and specific actions should then be carried out such as mental health care. Additionally, there should be doubt over the overall value of short-term prison sentences as they might have negative effects recrudesce due to the lack of supervision after custody. caparison and financial needs of newly released pri soners should be taken into account a national level. Furthermore, in order to further cleanse the accessibility to healthcare, housing, employment and education, a system for effective resettlement should be designed.An increase in the variety of programmes that are available in the community is needed, as it will help with a number of aspects of the ex-prisoners such as mental health programmes, drug and alcohol treatment and education.Each ex-prisoner should be treated in accordance to their circumstances and as a result if would offer a more improved effect to the rehabilitation of the ex-prisoners as each programme will be focused on their needs. These programmes will include a series of activities and support that will be devised by a case manager who will cover the entire sentence of the prisoner, during and after his or her imprisonment.In conclusion, the Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 stated a lot of problems in the rehabilitation progress that was used until that t ime but also recommended key objectives that had to be fulfilled in order to improve the rehabilitation system and significantly reduce the re-offending rates for ex-prisoners and is best defined by the best way of reducing re-offending is to get a line that prisoners on their release have the ability to get into work and a home to go to. In the remainder of this report, we investigate the current levels of provision of training, education and employment opportunities within prison, and of resettlement arrangements after release. (Office, 2002)3.3 The Carter Report of 2003In March 2003 the Government authorized the businessman Patrick Carter in order to create an extensive review of the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The objective was to establish an effective system that would not only focus on reducing crime but also maintain the public confidence on board being affordable.The Carter Report was released to public in December 2003 that concluded that the increased u sage of imprisonment and probation during the past decade reflected the increased severity of the sentences for specific offences rather than an increase in the overall seriousness of crimes that were brought to justice or the growth of the number of offenders being caught and sentenced -both remaining widely constant. Moreover, the Carter Report stated that while imprisonment is vital in order to protect the public, by incapacitating dangerous and persistent offenders, the increased use of imprisonment and probation has only a limited effect on offences and the evidence -which prove that the severity of sentences is a major factor for preventing crimes- are also severely limited. Another problem in the process of convicting offenders was pointed out by the report which described the process too focused on offenders with no previous sentences and failed to get to grips with highly persistent offenders. Additionally, the report stated that there were a lot systemic failures in the us e of interventions in order to reduce re-offending because they were ineffectively targeted. These failures that were highlighted were the fact that short-term offenders are not staying in the same place and as a result cant receive effective interventions which would reduce the chance of re-offending, the quality of the interventions that an offender is receiving varies greatly depending the prison establishment who is held and as the court often is not able to address the needs of the offender is being assigned with interventions that are not suited for his or her needs.The Carter Report on base the problems -which stated that existed in the criminal justice system- it introduced a number of new approaches that should be followed in order to deal properly with offenders with the core points beingA National Offender Management Service (NOMS) should be established that would combine the functions of the present Prison and Probation Services and it should have two main core goals wi th the first being the punishment of offenders and the reduction of re-offending. It should be headed by a lone Chief Executive and based on evidence on what works in reducing re-offending and taking no account of whether the offender is sentenced with imprisonment or community service, it should be responsible for the successful management of the offenders sentence.A range of targeted and effective sentences should be created which will be enforced in robust way. Depending on the risk assessment of each offender, community punishments should become more intense and three levels of severity should be made available (Community Punishment, intensive Supervision and Monitoring and Community Rehabilitation). Last but not least, community sentences for low-risk cases should be replaced with fines.Based on sentencing guidelines, which are informed by evidence of what works in reducing re-offending and makes effective use of the exist capacity, the judiciary should take up a new role in m anaging probation demand and prisons and as a result ensure a better consistency of punishment practice.As the findings of the Carter Report were very significant, the Government drew heavily on its recommendation that were focused on the improvement of the criminal justice system and the particular correctional services. As a result the Government started the implementation of the core proposals from the Carter Report into the barbarous Justice Act of 2003.Chapter 4Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs)4. Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs)A major part of Rehabilitation procedure is the establishing of Offending Behaviour Programmes that were designed in order to treat or improve the cognitive skills of the offenders and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending. These programmes were designed and offered to prisoners by the Prison Service during the first 90s. This chapter will include several models of these programmes, as they are being categorized according to the ty pe of the offence, the condition of the offender along with his psychological condition, his age or any addictions.4.1 Psychological and Behaviour IssuesGrendons model is one of the most knows rehabilitation programmes in United Kingdom, as it was first established 40 years ago at the HMP of Grendon in Buckinghamshire. This programme aims to offer a treatment to offenders who suffer from psychopathy. At this point it has to be mentioned that the offenders volunteer to participate and they cannot be over 40. When the offenders are getting involved with Grendons system, are being shared out into five groups, which are also known as therapeutic communities. Grendons model is still offers treatment to the offenders scorn the lack of funding.Another behaviour programme that aims to provide treatment to offenders with psychological issues is Democratic TC, which has several similarities to that of Grendons. This programme is designed to support offenders who suffer from either personal ity disorder or emotional needs. In order to address any psychological and emotional agitation, Democratic TCs offer round-the-clock living-learning interventions for offenders whose primary criminogenic contingency factors should be targeted. In addition to the previous, it has to be stated that in several models, which are based on cognitive skills, some mentors of the interventions are offenders who have already completed the programme successfully. Such is Kainos Rehabilitation programme, which is also known as Challenge to change. Kainos is also a full time based model and aims to reduce criminogenic causes of offenders who have been judged as medium to high risked.Behavioural programmes are also targeting to reduce re-offending through teaching the criminals to delay themselves by improving their self-management skills. Such model is Priestley One to One (Priestley OTO), which also aims to provide the offenders with the skill self-critic. In this case they are able to be resp onsible and understand the already committed crime and accept its consequences. It has to be mentioned that this programme is bounded only in community. Additionally, a widely known model is TSP, which stands for intellection Skills Programme and works upon teach the offenders to achieve their goals without committing offences. In other words, it is based on self-management and personal coaching. same(p) target also has RESPOND, which is designed for prisoners who cannot work in groups, and offers the treatment individually.4.2 Drug and Alcohol Misusefourscore per cent of people that are being imprisoned have significant issues that are related to either drug or alcohol. In a number of prisons, drug tests were carried out during reception and eight out of ten prisoners were found having class A drugs in their system. Drug misusers are committing a major likeness of the acquisitive crimes as, in drug tests that were carried out during reception, a good per cent of the offenders tha t were prosecuted for offences such as burglary and shrinking had heroin, cocaine or other opiates in their system. The underlying problem is that most of these people have neer received any help about their drug problem. The statistics stated that there is a need for programmes that will hel